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Paired consonants and vowels table examples. Is the letter "Y" a vowel or a consonant, hard or soft? Phonetic analysis of the word
Acquaintance of a child with the Russian alphabet is always a meeting with an unknown, but mysterious world, in which there are so many interesting things.
The letters of the Russian alphabet make up a whole family, in which there are 33 inhabitants!
And everyone needs to be remembered in their places. But the study of letters does not end there. We still have to divide them into vowels and consonants, stressed and unstressed, soft and hard, deaf and voiced.. And this is far from a complete classification. Let's figure out how to correctly divide the letters of the alphabet into groups.
Vowels and consonants and letters
First, let's figure out how many letters the Russian alphabet contains. There are 33 of them in total. All of them are divided into two large groups: vowels and consonants.
Only soft and hard signs we cannot attribute to any of the groups: they do not denote a sound, but serve to indicate the hardness or softness of the previous sound.
Table with cards of vowels and consonants in Russian. Vowel sounds
Vowel sounds are pronounced easily, in a singsong voice. This is possible due to the fact that during articulation in the mouth there is no obstruction to the air flow.
How many vowels are there in Russian? - 10 letters. Vowel sounds are much less: only 6: A, O, U, Y, I, E. This difference is explained by the fact that 4 vowels are formed by merging two sounds: Ё = Y + O; E=Y+E; Yu=Y+U; I=J+A.
percussion and unstressed
Vowel sounds are stressed and unstressed. Stressed vowel sounds in a word are distinguished by the voice. Thanks to stress, we understand the meaning of the word. There are words in which the meaning depends only on the placement of the stress, for example: castle - castle. Unstressed sounds are not pronounced so clearly, so writing unstressed sounds we check the accent.
How many consonants and sounds are there in Russian?
There are only 21 consonants, but there are 37 sounds.
Consonant sounds are formed due to the barrier that occurs in the mouth during the passage of the air flow. The role of a barrier can be played by teeth, tongue, lips, depending on the nature of the barrier, consonants are divided into many groups, for example, labial, dental, etc.
Also, consonants are divided into hard and soft, deaf and voiced.
Hard and soft
Hard consonants are pronounced more roughly, while soft ones sound more elegant and are softened by a nearby vowel or in writing with a soft sign. In transcription, soft sounds are indicated by a nearby apostrophe. For example, in the word HOUSE, the letter "d" sounds hard, and in the word GO - softly. Soft and hard consonants are presented in the table.
Deaf and voiced
Deaf consonants are pronounced without the participation of the voice, while in the formation of solid sounds the participation of the voice is necessary. Voiced and deaf sounds, as a rule, form a pair, for example: B-P, V-F, etc. There are only a few sounds that do not have a deafness-voiced pair: U, C, Y, R, L, M, N.
The table presented on our website will help to fully consider deaf and voiced, hard and soft consonants, as well as stressed and unstressed vowels. It can be hung in the classroom, where children have begun to study the Russian alphabet in more detail. It is also quite reasonable to hang the table in a conspicuous place at home if the baby begins to learn letters.
tables
Related cartoons
In order for the baby to quickly learn the division of letters into vowels and consonants, you can offer him cartoons on this topic. On our site you will find educational cartoons dedicated to this topic.
Speech therapist. Russian alphabet
This video presents sounds in Russian using onomatopoeia examples. This technique will allow kids to work out the clarity of pronunciation of vowels and consonants, to feel the difference in their sound more clearly. Sounds accompany bright pictures with animals and natural phenomena. Watch the cartoon here
Learn and sing the Russian alphabet
This video clip contains the performance of the alphabet to the music. The melody is pleasant, easy to remember, and the song itself is accompanied by a display of the letter and the form of its writing. This cartoon can be useful for children of any age, as it is aimed not only at remembering the order of letters, but also at practicing diction. You can watch the cartoon here
Voiceless consonants
There is a generally accepted opinion that it is impossible to sing consonant sounds. However, the authors of this cartoon break the usual stereotypes of perception. Of course, this video cannot be called a song in its entirety: rather, we will be dealing with a drawn-out pronunciation of deaf consonants. This is extremely useful for children's diction, in which defects in the pronunciation of hissing sounds are constantly visible. Turn on this cartoon to your child more often so that he corrects diction. Watch the cartoon here
Voiced consonants
It is much easier to sing voiced consonant sounds, although again we will not be dealing with singing, but with a prolonged pronunciation of a sound. The voice is involved in the formation of voiced consonants, so they can be easily pronounced in a singsong voice. This cartoon invites children to practice in such a simple matter and get to know the sonorous sounds better. You can watch the cartoon here
Learn vowels and consonants, because they form the basis of our alphabet!
What sounds are called consonants?
What is a consonant made of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?
Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonants. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.
The consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.
Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.
Many consonants form couples by voice-deafness: [b] — [p], [c] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [s] — [s], [f] — [sh].
To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: " LION AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.
Deaf consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: " STEPKA, WANT A CHICK?— Ugh!».
Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:
B,AT,G,D,AND,Z,Y,To,L,M,H,P,R,FROM,T,F,X,C,H,W,SCH.
In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.
Consonants are also hard and soft.
Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.
Most consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:
The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in hardness-softness:
| Solid | [and] | [w] | [c] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soft | [h❜] | [n❜] | [th❜] |
Table "Consonants: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (Grades 1-4)
Note: in primary school, hard consonants are indicated in blue, soft consonants - in green, vowels are in red.
Hardness consonants are indicated in writing by vowels BUT , O , At , S , E .
Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E , Yo , I , Yu , I, as well as the letter b(soft sign).
Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], corner[corner] - coal[ugal❜].
Unpaired ringing sounds[d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means "sonorous" in Latin.
Sounds [g], [w], [h❜], [u❜] are called hissing. They got this name because their pronunciation is like a hiss.
Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [h❜] and [u❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.
The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.
Consonant can not be percussive or unpercussed.
In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].
Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with
Sound is the smallest unit of language, pronounced with the help of the organs of the speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, human hearing perceives all the sounds that it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds that are unique to his native language, and all the nuances of pronunciation.
33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters should be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other, form words.
36 consonants: [b], [h], [c], [d], [g], [g], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p ], [t], [s], [u], [f], [c], [w], [x], [h], [b "], [h "], [c"], [ d "], [th"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [n"], [r"], [ f "], [g"], [x"].
The consonants are divided into:
- soft and hard;
voiced and deaf;
paired and unpaired.
Soft and hard consonants
The phonetics of the Russian language has a significant difference from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.
At the moment of pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue is pressed against the palate more strongly than when pronouncing a hard consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant from each other. In order to determine in a letter whether a consonant is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after a particular consonant.
Consonants are classified as solid in such cases:
- if letters a, o, u, uh, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
- after them there is another consonant sound - [pile], [hail], [marriage];
- if the sound is at the end of the word - [gloom], [friend], [table].
The softness of the sound is written as an apostrophe: mol - [mol '], chalk - [m'el], gate - [kal'itka], fir - [p'ir].
It should be noted that the sounds [u ’], [d ’], [h ’] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [w], [c], [g].
The consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by "b" and vowels: i, e, u, i, e. For example: gene - [g "en], len - [l" he], disk - [d "isk] , hatch - [l "uk], elm - [v" yaz], trill - [tr "el"].
Voiced and deaf, paired and unpaired sounds
According to the voicedness, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [c], [h], [g], [b], [g], [d], [m], [d], [l], [p] , [n].
Examples: [boron], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [head], [catch], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].
Examples: [count], [floor], [volume], [dream], [noise], [u "uk], [choir], [king"], [ch "an].
Paired voiced and deaf consonants include: [b] - [n], [g] - [w], [g] - [x], [h] - [s]. [d] - [t], [c] - [f]. Examples: true story - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itching - court, live - sew.
Sounds that do not form a pair: [h], [n], [c], [x], [p], [m], [l].
Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p "], [n] - [n"], [m] - [m"], [c] - [c"], [d] - [ d "], [f] - [f "], [k] - [k"], [h] - [h "], [b] - [b"], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n "], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l "], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x"]. Examples: true story - white, height - branch, city - cheetah, cottage - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - pen, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.
Table for memorizing consonants
To visually see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.
Solid - before the letters A, O, U, S, E Soft - before the letters I, E, E, Yu, I | Hard and soft consonants | |||
| b | ball | b" | battle | |
| in | howl | in" | eyelid | |
| G | garage | G" | hero | |
| d | hole | d" | tar | |
| h | ash | h" | yawn | |
| to | godfather | to" | sneakers | |
| l | vine | l" | foliage | |
| m | March | m" | month | |
| n | leg | n" | tenderness | |
| P | spider | P" | song | |
| R | growth | R" | rhubarb | |
| With | salt | With" | hay | |
| t | cloud | t" | patience | |
| f | phosphorus | f" | firm | |
| X | thinness | X" | chemistry | |
| Unpaired | and | giraffe | h | miracle |
| w | screen | sch | hazel | |
| c | goal | th | felt | |
Another table will help memorize consonant sounds.
| Paired | voiced | Deaf |
| B | P | |
| AT | F | |
| G | To | |
| D | T | |
| AND | W | |
| Z | FROM | |
| Unpaired | L, M, N, R, Y | X, C, H, W |
Children's poems for better mastering of the material
The letters are exactly 33 in the Russian alphabet,
To find out how many consonants -
Subtract ten vowels
Signs - hard, soft -
It will immediately become clear:
It turns out the number is exactly twenty-one.
Soft and hard consonants are very different,
But not dangerous at all.
If we pronounce with noise, then they are deaf.
Consonant sounds proudly say:
They sound different.
Hard and soft
Actually very light.
One simple rule to remember forever:
W, C, F - always solid,
But H, W, Y - only soft,
Like cat paws.
Let's soften the others like this:
If we add a soft sign,
Then we get spruce, moth, salt,
What a clever sign!
And if we add the vowels I, I, E, E, Yu,
We get a soft consonant.
Signs-brothers, soft, hard,
We don't pronounce
But to change the word
Let's ask for their help.
The rider is riding a horse
Kon - use in the game.
In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between voiced and deaf consonants and designate them in writing with consonants. We will find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired in terms of voicing - deafness, sonorous and hissing.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Recall how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from the lungs. It runs along the windpipe into a narrow larynx, where there are special muscles - the vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this, noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways.
Let's conduct an experiment: we close our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we uttered the sound [b], the ligaments stretched and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a little ringing in my ears.
You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on your neck on the right and left sides, and pronounce the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds voiced, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.
Paired consonants in voicing-deafness
Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: deaf sounds will live on the first floor, and sonorous sounds will live on the second. Residents of the first house:
| [b] | [e] | [h] | [G] | [in] | [and] |
| [P] | [t] | [With] | [to] | [f] | [w] |
These consonants are called paired by sonority - deafness.
Rice. 1. Paired voiced and deaf consonants ()
They are very similar to each other - real "twins", they are pronounced almost the same: the lips fold the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they have pairs and softness - hardness. Let's add them to the house.
| [b] | [b '] | [e] | [d'] | [h] | [h '] | [G] | [G'] | [in] | [in'] | [and] |
| [P] | [P'] | [t] | [t'] | [With] | [With'] | [to] | [to'] | [f] | [f'] | [w] |
The sounds [w] and [w] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called hissing sounds.
All these sounds are denoted by letters:
| [b] | [b '] | ||
| [P] | [P'] | ||
| [e] | [d'] | ||
| [t] | [t'] | ||
| [h] | [h '] | ||
| [With] | [With'] | ||
| [G] | [G'] | ||
| [to] | [to'] | ||
| [in] | [in'] | ||
| [f] | [f'] | ||
| [and] | |||
| [w] |
Unpaired voiced consonants
But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's settle unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.
In the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:
Recall that the sound [th '] always soft. Therefore, in our house he will live alone. These sounds are indicated in writing by letters:
| [l] | [l'] |
(el) |
|
| [m] | [m'] | ||
| [n] | [n'] | ||
| [R] | [R'] | ||
| [th'] |
(and short) |
The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of a voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word "sonor" in Latin "sonorus" means sonorous.
Unpaired voiceless consonants
In the third house we will settle unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:
| [X] | [X'] | [c] | [h'] | [sch'] |
Recall that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h '] and [u '] - always soft. Unpaired deaf consonants are indicated in writing by letters:
| [X] | [X'] | ||
| [c] | |||
| [h'] | |||
| [sch'] |
Sounds [h '], [u '] - hissing sounds.
So we populated our city of consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonants and 36 sounds.
Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()
Consolidation of knowledge in practice
Let's complete the tasks.
1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonants.
d point - point
b ochka - kidney
w ar - fever
fishing rod - duck
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2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:
1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With a voiced - I myself ring in expanse . (Spike - voice)
2) With the deaf - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced - eats leaves. (Spit - goat)
3) With "em" - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter "el" it happens in winter, and disappears in spring . (Honey-ice)
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In order to develop the ability to pronounce some sounds, especially hissing ones, tongue twisters are taught. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then accelerates the pace. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:
- Six mice rustle in the reeds.
- The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a narrowed one.
- Two puppies chewed cheek to cheek on a brush in the corner.
So, today we learned that consonants can be voiced and deaf and how these sounds are indicated in writing.
- Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. ().
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M .: Ballas. ().
- Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book / Textbook.
- Fictionbook.ru ().
- Deafnet.ru ().
- Samouchka.com.ua ().
- Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. four.
- Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various -6, deaf consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
- Read the proverb: « Be able to speak in time, be silent in time. Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonants denote the letters M, Y, V, R, Z, L in the proverb.)
- 4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the topic “In the city of consonants”.
There are a lot of different voices in the world, almost everything, except for the vacuum, can be heard. Mankind has created in the process a system of conditional signals, the combination of which can be perceived by the consciousness of each of the individuals as a kind of image that implies a specific semantic meaning.
In contact with
So what are sounds in Russian? These are essentially meaningless, the smallest elements of words or that help convey a thought from one person to another. For example, the combination of the consonants "d" and "m" and one vowel "o" can create the word "house", which in turn has a very specific meaning. Such "bricks" of the Russian language are vowels and consonants, hard and soft, hissing and sonorous.
What is the difference?
When thinking about how to distinguish between sounds and letters, it is worth knowing that the second is specific characters with which graphically record what we hear, for example, there is an “a”, which we can say out loud, mentally, whisper or shout, however, until it is written down on paper in the desired form, it will not become a letter. From this it is clear that it is very simple to distinguish between these two concepts - what is on paper, a written symbol is a letter, what we hear or say is a sound.
Attention! How do sounds differ from their written symbols? There are 33 graphic elements in Russian, but they consist of 43 voice signals, with 10 vowels and 6 sounds, and vice versa, 21 and 37 consonants, respectively. From this we can draw a simple conclusion - not all letters and sounds coincide with each other and are heard the way they are written.
What are vowels?
This is the name of such elements of the language that can be sung. How do they differ from their opposite - consonants? They are consist only of voice, the air during their pronunciation is easily drawn into the lungs and passed through the mouth. What are vowels? These are graphic symbols written on paper or a combination of them.
table of correspondence
| Voice | Graphic |
| a | a |
| about | about |
| at | at |
| and | and |
| s | s |
| uh | uh |
| y'a | I |
| y'u | Yu |
| y'e | e |
| yo | yo |
What letters make two sounds? Some are formed by two elements - a consonant (s) and a vowel corresponding to the sound. These are the iotized elements of the alphabet that are needed to perform the following functions:
- If you need to put a vowel after a vowel, for example, the word "my".
- After the separating sign - "hug".
- In cases where the vowel should be at the beginning of the phonetic word - "pit".
- If you need to soften the consonant in front - “chalk”.
- If you need to reproduce a foreign word.
If such an iotized symbol comes after an unpaired one in terms of hardness or softness, then it denotes an ordinary one, for example, “silk” is read as “silk”.
Iotated vowels
What are consonants?
Consonants are the smallest language units that cannot be sung when they are pronounced. air exhaled from the lungs hits an obstacle, for example, on the language. They are divided into pairs, hissing, as well as hard and soft. Let's deal with everyone in order.
Voiced, deaf and hissing
What are the consonants? The table will help you see clearly:
The apostrophe denotes softened elements. This applies to all of the listed pairs, except for "g", since it cannot be soft. In addition, there are consonants that have not been defined in pairs. It:
In addition to the deaf and voiced ones listed, there are also hissing ones. These include "g", "w", "u" and "h". They are necessarily deaf, when they are pronounced the tongue is pressed against the palate in different ways. To the ear, they are a bit like the hiss of a snake, if you stretch them a little.
Consonants
Hard and soft
Soft differ from hard in the way of pronunciation. When a person pronounces them, he presses his tongue to the palate, which makes them not so rude. As in the previous case, they are divided into pairs, with some exceptions. Almost all elements of the Russian alphabet can be both hard and soft. How many of them do not have such a pair?
| Soft |
| h' |
| j' |
| sch' |
| Solid |
| and |
| w |
| c |
It turns out that the pairs do not make up all hissing, “sh” and Y, which is also present in the composition of several vowels. All others can be softened under certain conditions.
Such a difference between the number of consonants in the Russian language is justified precisely by the last division according to softness. The fact is that such a softened form is not reflected graphically in writing in any way - we learn about softness by the softening vowel that follows it. This almost doubles the number of sounding units compared to letters.
Hard and soft consonants
How do vowels differ from consonants?
The division into two types of sounds occurs depending on pronunciation techniques. Melodious and "light" vowels, unlike consonants, are easy to pronounce, pull, sing. If you listen to any melodic song, you can hear that they stretch like marshmallows.
Consonants, in turn, imply some kind of obstacle, that is, the flow of air does not come out of the mouth easily and smoothly, but bumping into the tongue, lips, teeth, and so on. Such elements are difficult to pull, they seem to have a sharp ending, regardless of whether they are sonorous or deaf, hard or soft.
Interesting! With graphic symbols, everything happens in exactly the same way, because despite the fact that they are written on paper, belonging to one or another group is determined precisely by sound.
"Special" elements of the Russian language
There are two characters in the Russian alphabet, under which no audible signals are implied. This is a hard sign "b" and a soft sign "b". They are needed:
- To share. The presence of one of these signs in a word indicates that the vowel following it should be iotized.
- A non-separating soft sign can inform the reader that the consonant preceding it is soft, or perform a grammatical function, for example, indicate the gender of the word - "oven".
Russian lessons Sounds and letters
Vowels and consonants. Designating them with letters
Conclusion
Knowing the correct interaction of these basic elements helps to write many Russian words correctly. Sound and writing give the key to the melody of speech and writing, its beauty and harmony.
