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Cable diameter by section. How to find out the wire cross section in various ways. If the wire section is less than the required
Basically smaller than expected. It's not very good. Ideally, a cable with a declared cross section should have an appropriate diameter. If the diameter of the cores is different, then, accordingly, the cross section will also be different and, accordingly, the cable can pass less current through itself than it should. How to determine the cross section of a cable by its diameter?
For different operating conditions
In fact, the heterogeneity of the material leads to a higher density of mechanical defects and lower chemical stability, reducing the length of the components, which, as such threads, are subjected to high loads. Mismatch in the composite metal material of the wires can lead to the formation of microcracks, which significantly reduces the residual life.
The sample can be examined before and after processing to check its microstructural evolution. This comparison, in particular, gives data on the size distribution and concentration of new defects due to the ongoing processes. These data confirm the possibility of advanced characterization of the neutron string technique for musical instrument strings, aimed at their refinement and, ultimately, at improving the quality of the generated sounds. The ring is the anchor point of a helical or threaded spring. When applied to an extension spring, it is commonly referred to as a ring.
Everything is very simple. You need to take small measurements and calculate.
What is the cross section of a conductive wire? This is its cross sectional area. Basically, the strands of wires that are popular in home electrics have a round section. Recall the formulas from the school curriculum. How is the area of a circle calculated? If you don’t remember, here are two formulas below:
When it is closed it is called a loop and if it is partially open it is called a hook. Helical Angle - The helical angle of a helical spring. Load is the force that must be applied to create a single bend. Compressive strain - The strain that occurs when a material is subjected to relaxation to its elastic limit. When the force causing this deformation is removed, the material returns to its original size and shape.
Permanent deformation is the change in the length of a spring over time under a constant load. External diameter - the diameter of the cylindrical shell formed by the outer surface of the springs of the spring. The diameter of the internal thread of the spring is the diameter of the cylindrical shell formed by the inner surface of the springs of the spring.
S=πR 2 or S=πD 2 /4, where
π (pi) \u003d 3.14 - a constant value;
R is the radius of the circle;
D is the diameter of the circle.
It remains for us to find out the diameter or radius of the conductive core and substitute them into the formula. So we find out the real cross section.
How to determine the cross section of a single-wire cable by its diameter?
In order to find out the diameter, we need a caliper or micrometer. The first tool is much more popular among people. I have it too. First you need to clean the core a little and take measurements. It often happens that it is not necessary to clean it, since the core itself protrudes sufficiently from under the insulation. All this can be done in the store at the time of selection.
The purpose of relaxation is to reduce stresses caused by building processes. Fatigue is a phenomenon that leads to fracture that occurs under conditions that include repetitive and oscillating stresses below the elastic limit of the material.
Stress correction factor - a factor has been introduced that takes into account the fact that the distribution of cutting stress on the wire diameter is not symmetrical. This intercession is more than inside the loop than outside. The final spin fix factor is the factor used in calculating the compression strain to take into account the end flange positioning method.
For example, I took three pieces of cable from my stash, in which the section is indicated on the insulation. This is VVGng 2x2.5; VVGng 5x4 and VVGng 2x6.
I measured the diameter of their cores and this is what I got:
| Cable brand | Core diameter, mm | Calculated cross section of conductive wires, mm 2 | Conclusion |
| VVGng 2x2.5 | 1,7 | S=3.14x1.7x1.7/4=2.27 | Makes 90.8% of the declared section |
| VVGng 5x4 | 2,2 | S=3.14x2.2x2.2/4=3.79 | Makes 94.8% of the declared section |
| VVGng 2x6 | 2,7 | S=3.14x2.7x2.7/4=5.72 | Makes 95.3% of the declared section |
I got good results. I have often seen much worse. These cables can be used.
Finish - An applied primer to protect or decorate the springs. Flexion - the relative displacement of the end turns of the spring after the application of force. Flexible flex is the maximum flex that can be applied to a spring without exceeding the elastic limit of the material.
Index. Ratio between mean spring diameter and material diameter for round profiles or radial cross-sectional width for rectangular or trapezoidal sections. Screw Insert - A screw hole at the ends of a coiled extension spring to attach the spring to another component. The internal thread, diameter, pitch and shape of the hole match the characteristics of the spring.
In order for you not to calculate the cross section on the calculator every time, I give a plate below that you can take with you to the store. You just have to measure the core diameter with a caliper and compare it with the value in the table.
| Conductor cross section, mm 2 | Corresponding diameter for each section, mm | Maximum diameter of single-wire copper conductors according to GOST 22483-2012 (table C.1), mm | Maximum diameter of stranded copper conductors according to GOST 22483-2012 (table C.1), mm |
| 1 | 1,13 | 1,2 | 1,14 |
| 1,5 | 1,38 | 1,5 | 1,7 |
| 2,5 | 1,78 | 1,9 | 2,2 |
| 4 | 2,26 | 2,4 | 2,7 |
| 6 | 2,76 | 2,9 | 3,3 |
| 10 | 3,57 | 3,7 | 4,2 |
| 16 | 4,51 | 4,6 | 5,3 |
| 25 | 5,64 | 5,7 | 6,6 |
If your core diameter measurements are much smaller than the data in the table, then it is better not to buy such a cable. If we compare the values in two tables, for example, for a section of 2.5 mm 2, then a decrease in diameters by 0.03 mm already gives a decrease in the section by 10%. Consider this.
Cable Loss Calculation
Hysteresis - The delay of an effect compared to the cause of the effect itself. The measurement of hysteresis in a spring is represented by the area between the load and unload curves that occur when a stress is applied to the spring within the elastic range. Elastic Limit - The maximum stress that can be applied to a material without creating permanent deformation.
Fatigue Limit - The stress state value, which can be determined statistically, below which a material can be subjected to an infinite number of stress cycles. Block Length - The total length of the coil spring when each individual circuit is in contact with the next.
How to determine the cross-section of a multi-wire cable by its diameter?
Here, too, everything is simple. It is necessary to fluff the wires of the wire and make the measurements described above for one vein. Then it is necessary to count the number of wires and multiply the resulting value by the cross section of one vein. This is how we get the desired result.
This is of course a very rough result. In fact, there is a small air gap between the wires in the veins. It takes into account the fill factor of the conductive core. This is the ratio of the cross-sectional area of a multi-wire conductive core to the area bounded by the contour described around it.
Free length is the length of the spring when it is not under load. In the case of extension springs, this value may include the last anchor spools. Modulus of elasticity - the relationship between stress and strain in the elastic range. The modulus of elasticity or compression is also known as Young's modulus and, in the case of cutting, as the stiffness modulus.
Grinding - removal of metal from the side surfaces of the spring using abrasive discs to obtain a smooth square surface with the axis of the spring. Spring compression - a spring whose size in the direction of the applied force decreases under the influence of such a force.
This ratio is less than one. Many take it equal to 0.95. This means that the value of the cross section of the core you received should be 0.95 of the declared section, and this will be normal.
Let's smile:
Question:
How many women does it take to screw in a light bulb?
Answer:
None. They would rather sit in the dark and grumble.Extension spring - A spring whose length in the direction of an applied force increases when that force is applied. Variable Pitch Spring - A coil spring in which the pitch of the active coils is not constant. Spiral spring - a spring that gives the material the shape of an elixir.
After this process, the algebraic sum of the residual stresses applied to the outer fibers of the material is less than the applied stress, increasing the fatigue strength of the component. The distance between a point in the cut of any loop and the corresponding point in the next loop, when measured to the level of the spring. Fatigue resistance is the state of stress for which a material will act for a given number of cycles.
Hello, dear visitors of the Electrician's Notes website.
This article is about how you can independently determine the cable cross-section by diameter.
So this article also has direct relation to this topic.
Why do we need to determine the cross section of a cable or wire by its diameter?
And we need it for several reasons.
Relaxation is the loss of strength of a spring over time as it slides in a fixed position. The degree of relaxation depends and increases depending on the values of stress, temperature and time. Spring seat - the part of the mechanism that accommodates the end coils of the spring, which may include a cylindrical cavity or a centering step to center the spring.
How to choose the lead wire to the apartment?
Permanent set - permanent deformation of the spring after application and removal of force. Stress - Enhanced strength for the area in which it operates. Applied to spring material, and for compressed and tension springs, it is twisted or cut, and for tension springs, it is live or bend.
1. No tag on wire or cable coil
There are situations when there is no tag with its cross section and other characteristics on the cable or wire coil. Of course, like me, who almost daily encounter this, I can or the cable "by eye". But to be honest, sometimes it also happens that it is very difficult to determine the cross section.
Space is the distance between a loop and the next loop in a coil spring with open coils measured parallel to the axis of the spring. Open Loop Open - The end loop of a coil spring with open loops whose helix angle has not been gradually reduced.
Active coils are spring coils that contribute to the spring load at any moment. Unstable lateral distortion of the main axis of the spring during compression. Closed end spirals. The end loop of a helical spring whose helix angle gradually decreases until it touches an adjacent sprocket.
2. Purchase of wires and cables
The second reason is the purchase of these same wires and cables. You all know, and I have told you about this more than once, that in modern market relations, cable and wire products “sometimes” do not meet the requirements of modern GOSTs. But we will talk about this in more detail in future articles. If you are interested, subscribe to receive notifications about the release of new articles on the site.
The initial stress is the part of the force acting when the spring is stretched with closed loops along the axis, which cannot be related to the product of the theoretical load and the measured bending. Pruning is a process during which internal stresses are caused by spring. This phenomenon is achieved by subjecting the spring to a greater stress than that at which it is subjected to the operating condition and exceeds the elastic limit of the material. The plastic deformed areas resulting from this stress cause a preferential stress redistribution in the spring.
So, how to determine the cross section of the cores of a cable or wire by its diameter?
Method number 1
The first method is used to determine the cross section of the cores of a single-wire cable or wire.
To do this, we need to use a conventional caliper or micrometer to measure the diameter of the core of the cable (wire) without insulation. I don't have a micrometer, but I always have a caliper in mine.
Tension can only be performed in the direction of the applied force. Compression test. The test is performed by compressing the spring to a certain length several times. A fatigue test is a test to determine the number of stress cycles that will destroy a component or prototype.
Confusing different parts of a sword is a common problem and we have many examples in modern cinematography and literature. This article provides a quick guide for anyone interested in deepening the subject. Beginning of the sword. The most used handle materials are bronze and iron, but there are a few exemplary joints in wood, bone, stone, or crystal. In terms of forms, you'll probably be hard-pressed to find one that has never been introduced in the course of history. In many swords, the tail is beaten right on the handle to bring the elf parts together.
As an example, I will give the definition of the cross section of the VVGng cable core in two ways. Finally, let's compare the results.
Here is the cable.
The swords of pre-Wiching high sword swords often lack a hilt, which is replaced by a high-ranking guard with a metal button. This is the part of the inner blade on the blade that the handle is attached to. 
The heart of the handle, usually made of wood, sometimes even horn or metal, rests directly on the knot. For a safer grip, the inside is wrapped in various materials: leather and rope on all, and then metal plates and, in the far east, shark skin.
Why find out the cross section of the wire
The metal component that separates the grip from the blade, placed perpendicular to it, prevents the hand from slipping and protects it from the blows of the opponent. If there is high protection, protection is defined as low protection. As for the form of the guard, it is once again desirable to look at Oakeshott's rating. As you can see, there are many varieties.
Calculation of the cross-sectional area of a single-core wire
It includes all the details described so far. Elbow assembly can be done using two main methods. Using the first one you have to place the guard in the tang and slide it down to the blade and then add the handle divided into two parts suitably bent to match the touch and then press the handle and refute the end of the pitch. The second, on the other hand, is to push the perforated handle of the tree onto an even hotter tail, so that the latter will unearth the perfect riverbed inside the forest.
We cut the cable and breed the cores.
We take one vein (I took the blue one) and clean it, i.e. remove the core insulation. To remove the insulation, I personally use the Knipex 12 40 200 stripper - I recommend it.
In this case, the handle usually has a rounded shape. In this case, it is often worn with leather bands. They can also be useful for controlling or disarming an opponent's blade. Some swords have one, two or three and none of the others. You have often felt that it is called "lubrication" and the like, but the sheath is the most appropriate term, but its function is not to draw blood, but to lighten the blade, giving it more stability and flexibility.
Part of the blade is closer to the elf, right after being scrapped. Often more often than the rest of the blade, the strongest part is to get shots. With the advent of more and more reliable protections, the need to attach it is skipped. The third end of the blade, the one with which you can hit the opponent. As the name suggests, this is also the least stable part and more prone to tearing.
Using a caliper, we measure the diameter of this core.
It turned out that the diameter of the measured core is 1.8 (mm).
The resulting value of 2.54 (sq. mm) is the actual cross section of the cores of our cable.
Method number 2
The second method is used to determine the cross section of the cores of a single-wire cable or wire by its diameter without using a caliper or micrometer. I think this method is more complicated and time consuming.
It is better to use the first method anyway, because. it is simpler and more accurate.
But if there is no caliper or micrometer available, then it remains to apply only the second method. To do this, we need a pencil or pen. I used a pencil, but it's better to use a pen or something harder.
Everything is done in the same way.
We cut the cable of arbitrary length and bite off any core (I again took the blue core).
Remove the insulation layer from the wire of this core. And then we wind the wire on a pencil.
It is better to wind more turns - so the measurement will be more accurate. The winding itself is carried out in such a way that the coil fits snugly against another coil (without gaps).
That's what I did.
After that, we measure the length of the winding.
The winding length is 18 (mm).
We get 1.8 (mm). This is the desired core diameter.
The diameter of the core of the VVGng cable we are interested in is known. And now, according to the formula already known to us, we determine its actual cross section.
Because the diameter of the core in both ways turned out to be the same, then, respectively, their cross section is the same.
Q.E.D.
Method number 3
The third method is used to determine the cross section of the cores of a multi-wire (flexible) cable or wire.
For example, the number of veins in a bundle is 12 pieces.
By measuring the diameter of one vein, we got a value of 0.4 (mm).
Again, using the formula for calculating the area of a circle, we calculate the cross section of one vein in the bundle.
And now we calculate the cross section of the entire stranded wire by multiplying the resulting cross section of 0.125 (sq. mm) by the number of veins in the bundle.
The resulting value of 1.5 (sq. mm) is the actual cross-section of the core of a flexible cable or wire.
Method number 4
The fourth method is used to determine the cross section of the cores of a multi-wire (flexible) cable or wire without using a caliper or micrometer.
We do all the actions according to the method No. 2 described above. The only difference is that one vein from the bundle must be wound around the pencil.
Having determined the diameter of one vein from the bundle of the flexible cable or wire we are interested in, we find its actual cross section according to the algorithm of method No. 3.
P.S. I tried to demonstrate to you the common methods for determining the cable cross-section by diameter. If you have any questions, then ask them in the comments. In the following articles, I will tell you what to do with the resulting cross-section of a cable or wire core, and how to find out if it complies with the current GOSTs or not.
