Interrogative pronouns in German. Relative pronouns Personal reflexive and possessive pronouns

The class of relative (relative) pronouns (places) in German is represented by the pronouns der (its generic forms die, das and the plural form die) and welcher (respectively welche, welches, welche).

It should be noted that places. der is preferable and is used much more often than welcher, since it is considered more harmonious and stylistically correct. Therefore, in this article we will focus on it.

Always begin with relative clauses (Relativsätze). As a rule, such sentences are used to avoid lexical repetitions. It is important to know that gender and number are relative places. determined by the gender and number of the noun in the main clause.

Mein neuer Kollege heißt Peter. Er kommt aus München. → Mein neuer Kollege, der Peter heißt, kommt aus München.

Meine Tante hat kürzlich geheiratet. Sie fährt bald mit ihrem Mann ins Ausland. → Meine Tante, die kürzlich geheiratet hat, fährt bald mit ihrem Mann ins Ausland.

Er hat mir das Buch geschenkt. Ich habe es noch nicht gelesen. → Das Buch, das er mir geschenkt hat, habe ich noch nicht gelesen.

Die kinder spielen draußen. Sie sind meine Neffen. → Die Kinder, die draußen spielen, sind meine Neffen.

Particularly difficult is... subordinate places. represents the case of the relative pronoun. It depends on and is controlled by the verb in the subordinate clause.

First, let's look at the declination table. pronouns. It is very similar to the declension of definite articles, the differences appear only in the Genitive case.

Singular				Plural
	maskulinum	feminine	neutral	für alle Genera gleich
Nominative	der	die	das	die
Genitiv	dessen	deren	dessen	deren
Dativ	dem	der	dem	denen
Akkusativ	den	die	das	die

Die Eltern haben dem Sohn ein Fahrrad gekauft. Er hat von dem Fahrrad geträumt. → Die Eltern haben dem Sohn das Fahrrad gekauft, von dem er geträumt hat. (the verb träumen is used with the preposition von + Dativ, respectively, the relative place. stands after the preposition in the Dative case – von dem).

Ich habe mir gestern den Film angeschaut. Wir haben über ihn viel geredet. → Ich habe mir gestern den Film angeschaut, über den wir viel geredet haben. (the verb reden is used with the preposition über + Akkusativ, therefore the form of the place with the preposition is über den).

Bald commen die Ferien . Meine Kinder freuen sich schon auf sie. → Bald kommen die Ferien, auf die sich meine Kinder schon freuen. (the reflexive verb sich freuen is used with the preposition auf + Akkusativ, respectively, the construction auf sie is used in the subordinate clause).

Der Mann wandte sich an die Polizei. Sein Auto wurde gestohlen. → Der Mann, dessen Auto gestohlen wurde, wandte sich an die Polizei. (the possessive place sein in the subordinate relative clause corresponds to the Genitive case form dessen).

However, in some cases, seats are preferable. welcher – it helps to avoid lexical repetitions:

Mein Kollege, der der schwierigen finanziellen Lage nicht gewachsen war, hat sich umgebracht. → Mein Kollege, welcher der schwierigen finanziellen Lage nicht gewachsen war, hat sich umgebracht.

In general, both options are possible (one cannot say that one of them is wrong), but from the point of view of the so-called beautiful German (schönes Deutsch) the sentence sounds better from the seats. welcher.

Die Frau, der der Wagen gehört, ist weggegangen. → Die Frau, welcher der Wagen gehört, ist weggegangen.

Das Kind, das das Waschmittel zufällig geschluckt hat, wurde zum Krankenhaus gebracht. → Das Kind, welches das Waschmittel zufällig geschluckt hat, wurde zum Krankenhaus gebracht.

Meine Freunde, die die Kinder haben, können sich keinen Urlaub im Ausland leisten. → Meine Freunde, welche die Kinder haben, können sich keinen Urlaub im Ausland leisten.

When using the case forms of this place. pay attention to the Genitive case - there is no such thing. In the Genitive case, forms of the pronoun der are used.

				für alle Genera gleich

sich myself

dieser, dieser, dieses	this, this, this
jener, jene, jenes	that, that, that
solcher, solche, solches	such, such, such
der, die, das	that, that, that
selbst, selbst	myself, myself, myself
derjenige, diejenige, dasjenige	that, that, that
derselbe, dieselbe, dasselbe	the same, the same, the same
derlei, dergleichen	of such kind

Indefinite pronouns (Indefinitpronomen)

	some
	few
jeder, jede, jedes, jedermann
irgendein, irgendeine	some, some, some

Indefinite personal pronouns

man
Man sag...= They say...

Negative pronouns (Verneinende Pronomen)

kein, keine	no, none, none

Impersonal pronoun (das unpersönliche Pronomen)

Es regent. It's raining.
Wie geht es dir? How are you?
Es ist kalt. Cold.
Es gibt... Available...

Personal reflexive and possessive pronouns

Personal pronouns

	Singular Singular			Plural Plural
Case							Polite form
Nominative (name pad.)			er He sie she es it	wir We	ihr You	sie They	Sie You
Genetiv (gen. fall.)	meiner me	deiner you	seiner his ihrer her seiner his	unser us	eurer you	ihrer their	Ihrer You
Dativ (Dan. fall.)	mir to me	dir you	ihm to him ihr to her ihm to him	uns us	euch to you	ihnen them	Ihnen To you
Akkusativ (vin. pad.)	mich me	dich you	ihn his sie her es his	uns us	euch you	sie their	Sie You

Reflexive pronouns (Reflexivpronomen)

Possessive pronouns (Possessivpronomen)

Wessen? Whose? Whose? Whose?

Person Face	Holder	Possessive pronoun
1st person singular		mein(e) my, my, mine, mine; yours, yours, yours, yours
2nd person singular		dein(e) yours, yours, yours, yours; yours, yours, yours, yours
3rd person singular	er He sie she es it	sein(e) his, yours, yours, yours, yours ihr(e) hers, yours, yours, yours, yours sein his, her, yours, yours, yours, yours
1st person plural	wir We	unser(e) ours, ours, ours ; yours, yours, yours, yours
2nd person plural	ihr You	euer(e) yours, yours, yours ; yours, yours, yours, yours
3rd person plural	sie They Sie You	ihr(e) their; yours, yours, yours, yours Ihr(e) Yours, Yours, Yours; yours, yours, yours, yours

Demonstrative interrogative and relative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns (Demonstrativpronomen)

	Singular Singular			Plural Plural
	Maskulinum Masculine	Feminine Feminine	Neutrum Neuter gender
Nominative Nominative	derselbe the same	dieselbe the same	dasselbe the same	dieselben same
Genetiv Genitive	desselben the same	derselben the same	desselben the same	derselben the same ones
Dativ Dative	demselben same thing	derselben the same	demselben same thing	denselben the same thing
Akkusativ Accusative	denselben the same	dieselbe the same one	dasselbe the same	dieselben the same / the same

Interrogative pronouns (Interrogativpronomen)

Case	Animated	Inanimate
Nominative Nominative	wer? Who?	was? What?
Genetiv Genitive	Wessen? whose? whose? whose?	Wessen? whose? whose? whose?
Dativ Dative	wem? to whom?	wem what?
Akkusativ Accusative	wen? whom?	was What?

Relative pronouns (Relativpronomen)

	Singular Singular			Plural Plural
	Maskulinum Masculine	Feminine Feminine	Neutrum Neuter gender
Nominative Nominative	der which	die which	das which	die which
Genetiv Genitive	dessen whom	deren which	dessen whom	deren which
Dativ Dative	dem to whom	der which	dem to whom	denen which
Akkusativ Accusative	den whom	die which	das which	die which/whose

02/07/2014 FRIDAY 00:00

GRAMMAR

Pronoun- this is a part of speech that points to objects and their signs, but does not name them. The function of a pronoun is to replace or accompany a noun.

In this article we will get acquainted with interrogative pronouns - Interrogativpronomen - and consider their declension.

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns include:

wer?	Who?
was?	What?
Wessen?	whose? whose? whose? whose?
welcher?	Which?
was it?	what the? Which?

Interrogative pronouns wer And was have neither gender nor plural. They differ in the meaning of animate and inanimate, i.e. pronoun wer used for animate nouns, a was- for the inanimate.

Declension of interrogative pronouns

	Who	What
	wessen whose, whose, whose, whose	wessen whose, whose, whose, whose
	to whom
	whom	What

1. The pronoun was has no form in the Dativ - Dative case. In modern German, Akkusativ is used instead of Dativ - Accusative case of this pronoun with a preposition:

Mit was beschäftigt sie sich?

What does she do?

It is also very common to replace these combinations with pronominal adverbs, that is, adverbs that replace combinations of preposition and pronoun:

Womit beschäftigt sie sich?

What does she do?

2. Interrogative pronoun wessen - whose, whose, whose, whose is not declined for cases, both singular and plural. It has one wessen form for three genera in singular. In the plural wessen also remains unchanged and is translated as whose.

3. The interrogative pronoun welcher - which is declined according to the principle of the definite article and is used as a definition:

Welchen Artikel lesen Sie?

What article are you reading?

	Singular			Plural
	masculine	neuter gender	feminine

4. The interrogative pronoun was für ein - what the, what Only the indefinite article ein is inflected. It is used only in the singular. In the plural it is absent and the pronoun welche can be used instead:

	Singular			Plural
	masculine	neuter gender	feminine	was fur (welche)
			was fur eine

Possessive pronouns answer the question "whose?" and indicate belonging ( my answer; our work, etc.). As in Russian, all personal pronouns in German have corresponding possessives; you need to remember them:

Note that ihr (Ihr) means both “ee” and “their” (“your”).

In Russian, in addition to the listed possessive pronouns, there is one more possessive pronoun mine(own). It is “universal”, i.e. can be used instead of any other possessive pronoun.

I'm visiting theirs (=my) parents every week. My friend visits often theirs (=his) parents. you are visiting yours (=yours) sick friend?

In German there is no such “universal” possessive pronoun. Therefore the value "mine" in German conveyed by one of the possessive pronouns listed above, namely, those which corresponds to the subject's face.

For example:

Ich besuche meine Eltern jede Woche. Mein Freund ( er)besucht seine Eltern oft. Besuchen Sie Ihren kranken Freund?

Task 1. Indicate: a) in which of the following sentences the Russian pronoun “your” corresponds to the German ihr (Ihr):

1. She will finish her work in a month. 2. I haven’t seen my sister for a long time. 3. Do you do your homework in the evening? 4. Oleg helps his family. 5. After college, friends will go to their home village.

b) what possessive pronouns should be used in the remaining sentences.

You can also read about possessive pronouns

Personal pronouns in German

Personal pronouns can be not only the subject of a sentence ( compare: Ich lese Deutsch. Er spricht gut.). They can also answer the questions “to whom?”, “whom?”, i.e. be a complement. You need to remember their forms:

Singular
Who?	I - ich	you - du	he-er	she - sie	it - es
to whom?	to me - mir	to you - dir	him - ihm	her - ihr	him - ihm
whom?	me-mich	you - dich	him - ihn	ee-sie	his - es
Plural				Polite form
Who?	we are wir	you - ihr	they - sie	You - Sie
to whom?	us - uns	to you - euch	im - ihnen	To you - Ihnen
whom?	us - uns	you - euch	them - sie	You - Sie

Task 2. Indicate which personal pronouns in German can be used instead of the highlighted ones, and how the meaning of the following sentences will change:

1. Geben Sie mir bitte diesels Buch! 2. Ich sehe Sie oft in der Bibliothek.

Please note that in Russian, personal pronouns of the 3rd person answer the question “whom?” ( his, ee, their) coincide with possessives ( his, ee, their).

I see his often ( whom? - "his" - personal pronoun ).

I see often his sister ( whose sister? - "his" - possessive pronoun ).

There is no such coincidence in German.

I see his often. - Ich sehe ihn oft.

I see often his sister. - Ich sehe seine Schwester oft.

Therefore the words "his", "ee", "their" in different functions correspond to different words of the German language:

him - who? - ihn, whose? - sein
ee - who? - sie, whose? - ihr
them - who? - sie, whose? - ihr

Task 3. Indicate which sentences need to be used when translating: a) the pronoun sie; b) pronoun ihr:

1. My sister Olga and her husband Nikolai live in Moscow. 2. I love her very much. 3. She has been working at school for many years. 4. Their children - Misha and Tanya - are already big. 5. They have their own families. 6. Now I see them often.

Keys to assignments on the topic “Possessive and personal pronouns in German”

1. a) 1; 3; 5. b) mein; 4.sein.

2. 1. ihm; ihr; uns; ihnen. 2.ihn; dich; sie; euch.

02/11/2014 TUESDAY 00:00

GRAMMAR

Pronoun- this is a part of speech that points to objects and their signs, but does not name them.

The function of a pronoun is to replace or accompany a noun.

In this article we will look at the use of the following pronouns:

Index fingers;

Interrogative;

Possessive;

Relative;

Uncertain;

The reflexive pronoun sich;

Impersonal pronoun es;

And mutual pronouns.

Use of demonstrative pronouns

1. Demonstrative pronouns der - this, die - this, das - this, die - these always under emphasis.

In a sentence, these pronouns are used in Nominativ - Nominative, Dativ - Dative and Akkusativ - Accusative case as an independent subject or object:

Sind Ihre Fenster bei der Explosion kaputtgegangen?

Ja, die müssen erneuert werden.

Were your windows broken in the explosion?

Yes, They must be replaced with new ones.

Den, der mich beschimpft hat, nenne ich nicht.

Togo, Who insulted me, I won’t name it.

The Genitiv - Genitive forms derer and dessen are used instead of the possessive pronouns ihr and sein to avoid misunderstanding:

Er lud Richard und dessen Freundin.

He invited Richard and his girlfriend.

The form derer indicates a subsequent attributive clause:

Der König lebte auf Kosten derer, die er verachtete.

The king lived at the expense of those he despised.

2. Dieser - this, diese - this, dieses - this, diese - these indicate a person or object that is closer to the speaker in spatial or temporal terms:

Dieses Haus gefällt mir besser.

I like this house better.

Wir fahren dieses Jahr in Urlaub.

We are going on vacation this year.

3. Pronouns jener - that, jene - that, jenes - that, jene - those indicate an object or person that is spatially or temporally distant from the speaker:

Wer sitzt auf jenem Platz?

Who is sitting in that place?

Jene Tage vergesse ich nicht.

I won't forget those days.

4. Pronoun (ein) solcher - such, (eine) solche - such, (ein) solches - such, solche - such indicate the qualities of an object without naming these qualities:

Ein solches Benehmen ist unbegreiflich.

This behavior is not understandable.

Ein solches Buch benötige ich.

I need a book like this.

5. Derselbe - the same, dieselbe - the same, dasselbe - the same, dieselben - the same indicate a person or thing identical to those previously named:

Heute hast du dasselbe Kleid an, wie gestern und vorgestern.

Today you are wearing the same dress as yesterday and the day before.

6. Der gleiche - the same, die gleiche - the same, das gleiche - the same, die gleichen - the same denotes a person or thing that is the same as, but not identical to, those previously named:

Mein Freund hat sich zufällig den gleichen Anzug gekauft, wie ich.

My friend accidentally bought himself the same suit as me.

7. Derjenige - that, diejenige - that, dasjenige - that, diejenigen - those indicate a person and an object, which will be discussed in more detail in the subsequent relative clause:

Diejenigen, die dafür sind, heben bitte die Hand.

Those who are in favor, please raise your hand.

8. The pronoun selbst/selber - itself does not change. It is placed after the word it refers to.

It should be distinguished from the adverb selbst - even, which, on the contrary, is placed before the word that highlights:

Hast du die Arbeit selbst gemacht?

You myself did the work?

Selbst sie kann das nicht übersetzen.

Even she can't translate it.

Use of interrogative pronouns

1. Wer - who is used in an interrogative sentence in relation to singular and plural persons:

Wer kommt morgen?	Who's coming tomorrow?
Uta kommt morgen Uta und Eva kommen morgen.	Uta will come tomorrow. Uta and Eva will come tomorrow.

Wem forms - to whom and wen - whom used without a preposition and with a preposition:

Wem schreibst du?	Who are you writing to?
Wen beschuldigst du?	Who are you blaming?
Mit wem gehst du?	Who are you going with?
An wen denkst du?	Who are you thinking about?

2. Was - what is used in an interrogative sentence in relation to objects, phenomena, etc. in the singular and plural:

The pronoun Was is also used in questions about profession, nature of activity, occupation or hobby:

3. Pronoun wessen - whose, whose, whose, whose stands before a noun in the singular and plural. The article is omitted:

4. Pronouns welcher - which, welche - which, welches - which, welche - which used in questions about a specific person or thing that the questioner knows about:

Welch - does not bow down, welcher, welche, welches, welche also used in exclamatory sentences.

5. Interrogative pronoun was für ein, eine, ein - which, which, which used in the singular in questions about the quality or property of an object. The answer uses the indefinite article.

In the plural, was für is used, or rarely was für welche, in the answer the noun does not have an article:

Was für ein, eine, ein is used with real nouns without an article:

Was für Papier brauchst du?

What kind of paper do you need?

Sometimes the parts of the pronoun was für ein are separated from each other:

Was ist das für eine Frau?

What kind of woman is this?

Was sind das für Männer?

What kind of men are these?

Was für ein, eine, ein is used in exclamatory sentences:

Was für ein großer Künstler er ist!

What a great artist he is!

Was für ein, eine, ein is used with prepositions. At the same time, the case of the article ein and the noun is influenced not by für, but by the preposition:

Mit was für einem Kuli schreibst du den Brief?

What pen do you use to write a letter?

Use of personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are used instead of nouns.

Since the gender of nouns in German and Russian languages ​​does not always coincide, it is necessary to translate German personal pronouns into Russian pronouns depending on the gender of the Russian noun being replaced:

Das ist ein Buch. Es gehört mir.

This is a book. She belongs to me.

Hier ist ein Fluss. Er ist breit.

There is a river here. It's wide.

1. Ich - I denotes the speaker and is used in direct speech.

Ich tanze mit ihr.

I'm dancing with her.

2. Du - you are also used in direct speech. This is the person who is directly addressed. This form of address indicates friendly relations. it is used in the family, between relatives, friends, good acquaintances, among young people, adults to children, to animals, objects or abstract concepts:

Du bist mein bester Freund!

You are my best friend!

Ich befehle dir.

I order you.

3. Er - he, sie - she, es - it denotes the one being spoken about.

Dort steht ein Mann. Ihn kenne ich nicht.

A man is standing there. I don't know him.

Sie kommt zu mir.

She comes up to me.

4. Wir - we are used by a speaker or author when addressing on behalf of or with reference to two or more persons.

Wir fahren ins Ausland.

We are going abroad.

5. The pronoun ihr - you is used when addressing children, friends, etc., i.e. to several persons, with each of whom the speaker addresses on “you”:

Kinder, kommt ihr in den Wald?

Guys, are you going to the forest?

6. The pronoun Sie - You is used to express politeness when addressing adults and strangers or one or more persons with whom the speaker addresses “You”.

In grammatical terms, it coincides with the 3rd person plural pronoun sie - they.

The form of polite address Sie - You is written with a capital letter in all cases:

Herr Müller, commen Sie morgen?

Mr. Müller, will you come tomorrow?

Herren, Gehen Sie mit?

Gentlemen, are you coming with us?

Zum Geburtstag wünsche ich Ihnen alles Gute.

On the occasion of your birthday, I wish you all the best.

Darf ich Sie zum Tanz bitten?

Can I invite you to dance?

Personal pronouns ich - I, du - you, wir - we, ihr - you, Sie - you denote only persons, and personal pronouns er - he, sie - she, es - it, sie - they- faces and objects.

Genitiv - Genitive case - personal pronouns are rarely used, only with verbs requiring Genitiv:

Ich gedenke deiner.

I remember about you.

Use of possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns have a double connection:

2. They denote ownership of a person or thing, and therefore the choice of the possessive pronoun itself depends on the person, gender and number of the word denoting “owner”.

Possessive pronouns can not only perform the function of defining a noun, but also replace the noun, i.e. be used without it. In this case they are inclined as follows:

	Singular			Plural
	masculine	neuter gender	feminine
				meine, deine, seine, ihre, eure, unsere
		meinem, deinem, seinem, ihrem, eurem, unserem	meiner, deiner, seiner, ihrer, eurer, unserer
	meinen, deinen, seinen, ihren, euren, unseren	mein(e)s, dein(e)s, sein(e)s, ihr(e)s, eures - euers, unser(e)s	meine, deine, seine, ihre, eure, unsere	meine, deine, seine, ihre, eure, unsere

Wessen Wagen ist das? - Das ist meiner.

Whose car is it? - This my.

Das ist nicht deine Tasche, sondern meine.

This is not your bag, but my.

Ist das dein Buch? - Ja, das ist mein(e)s.

This is your book? - Yes it my.

More often instead meines, deines, seines, ihres, eures, unseres used meins, deins, seins, ihrs, euers, unsers, i.e. at the end -es drops -e:

Wessen Haus ist das?

Das ist meins, deins, seins, ihrs, unsers, euers, ihrs.

Whose is this house?

It's mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.

Possessive pronouns can also be used with a definite article. In this case, they are declined as weak adjectives:

	Singular			Plural
	masculine	neuter gender	feminine
	der meine, der deine, der seine, der ihre, der eure, der unsere
		dem meinen, dem deinen, dem seinen, dem ihren, dem euren, dem unseren	der meinen, der deinen, der seinen, der ihren, der euren, der unseren
	den meinen, den deinen, den seinen, den ihren, den euren, den unseren	das meine, das deine, das seine, das ihre, das eure, das unsere	die meine, die deine, die seine, die ihre, die eure, die unsere	die meinen, die deinen, die seinen, die ihren, die euren, die unseren

Wessen Bleistift nimmst du?

Ich nehme den meinen.

Whose pencil will you take?

I'll take mine.

Wessen Buch nimmst du?

Ich nehme das meine.

Whose book will you take?

I'll take mine.

Instead of den meinen, etc. can be used den meinigen, den deinigen, etc. These forms are characteristic of oral speech:

Die Bäume im Nachbargarten blühen schon, die unsrigen sind noch nicht so weit.

The trees in the neighboring garden are blooming, but ours are not yet.

Das Buch ist das meinige.

The book is mine.

Possessive pronouns can be substantivized, i.e. become nouns:

Er liebt die Seinen/Seinigen.

He loves his loved ones.

Ewig der Deine!

Forever yours!

Tun Sie das Ihre.

Do your thing.

Jedem das Seine.

To each his own.

In some cases, instead of a possessive pronoun, a personal pronoun with a preposition may be used von:

Das war ein Freund von mir.

It was My friend.

Possessive pronouns in certain cases - in the Bible, poetry, etc. - can appear after a noun:

Vater unser, der du bist im Himmel. Our Father who art in heaven.

Nimm auch meine Seele in die Hände dein. Take my soul into your hands too.

Using relative pronouns

In a sentence, relative pronouns replace the active person and serve as a connecting link between the main and subordinate clauses.

1. Relative pronouns der - which, die - which, das - which, die - which agree in gender, number and case with the word in the main sentence to which they refer:

Der Mann, der hier wohnt, ist Arzt.

The man who lives here is a doctor.

Der Mann, den ich sehe, ist Arzt

The man I see is a doctor.

Der Mann, auf den ich warte, ist Arzt.

The man I'm waiting for is a doctor.

Es ist einer der schönsten Filme, die ich gesehen habe.

This is one of the best films I've seen.

Deren and dessen agree in gender and number with the noun defined by the subordinate clause:

Der Mann, Dessen Auto da steht,…

The man whose car is parked over there...

Die Frau, deren Tochter ich kenne,…

The woman whose daughter I know...

2. Relative pronoun wer - who in the relative clause mainly comes before the main clause.

The main sentence in this case is introduced by demonstrative pronouns der, dem, den:

Wer das tut, der hat Folgen zu tragen.

Whoever does this must bear the consequences.

Wem es nicht gefällt, der kann weggehen.

Anyone who doesn't like it can leave.

Wen man liebt, dem verzeiht man vieles.

Those who are loved are forgiven a lot.

The relative pronoun was - what is used:

After pronouns das - this, that, dem, dasselbe - the same, dasjenige - that, das einzige - the only thing, alles - everything, vieles - many, anderes - other and etc.:

Ich verstand alles, was er sagte.

I understood everything he said.

Er aß nur das, was ihm schmeckte.

He only ate what he liked.

Das Einzige, was er trinkt, ist Tee.

The only thing he drinks is tea.

Steht in diesem Buch dasselbe, was im anderen steht?

Does this book say the same thing as the other?

After substantivized, i.e. become nouns, adjectives with an abstract meaning, as well as after substantivized adjectives in the superlative degree and substantivized ordinal numbers, which are used in the neuter gender:

Es war etwas ganz Neues, was er erreichen wollte.

This was something completely new that he wanted to achieve.

Es war das Schönste, was er gesehen hat.

It was the most beautiful thing he had seen.

Das war das Erste, was ich gemacht habe.

This was the first thing I did.

If was does not refer to any individual word, but to the content of the entire main sentence:

Er steckte den Schlüssel ein, was niemand bemerkte.

He inserted the key, which no one noticed.

Die Tür stand weit offen, was dem Wächter sofort auffiel.

The door was wide open, which immediately caught the watchman's eye.

3. Pronouns welcher - which, welche - which, welches - which, welche - which are almost never used in oral speech.

In writing they are used mainly to avoid repetition of the same forms:

Use of indefinite pronouns

1. The indefinite pronoun all- has both singular and plural: aller - all, alle - all, alles - all, alle - all. In the singular, it is used with names of substances and abstract nouns. In the plural, it indicates the coverage of individual homogeneous objects, persons, phenomena, etc.:

Aller Ärger war verflogen.

All the excitement quickly passed.

Er hat alles Geld verspielt.

He lost all the money.

Alle Kinder bekamen je ein Buch.

All children received a book.

All- can replace or accompany a noun:

Alle Menschen sind sterblich.

All people are mortal.

Alle sind schon nach Hause gegangen.

Everyone has already gone home.

Before the definite article or demonstrative or possessive pronoun, the indeclinable form all is used:

Er hat mich mit all seinen Freunden be sucht.

He visited me with all his friends.

All das weiß sie doch.

She knows all this.

2. Einer - someone, eine - someone, eines - something indicate an indefinite person from a group of persons or an indefinite object from a group of objects.

These pronouns are used only in the singular:

Einer weiß, dass ich hier bin.

Someone knows I'm here.

The plural form is einer, eine, eines welche - some, some:

I ch brauche Tomaten. Haben wir welche?

I need tomatoes. Do we have any?

Einer, eine, eines replace a noun:

3. Used in a negative sense keiner - no one, keine - none, keines - none, keine - none:

Keiner weiß, dass ich hier bin.

Nobody knows I'm here.

Das glaubt dir keiner.

Nobody will believe you in this.

Keiner, keine, keines, keine replace a noun:

4. Instead of singular nouns without articles, the form is used welcher - some, some, welche - some, some, welches - some, some:

5. Einige - some, several, etliche - some, several, mehrere - some, several can either accompany or replace a noun. Einige, etliche are used in both singular and plural, and mehrere - only in plural:

Sie hatte einige, etliche Freundinnen eingeladen.

She invited several friends.

Es besteht noch einige, etliche Hoffnung.

There's still some hope, some hope

Der Zug hatte mehrere Stunden Verspätung.

The train was several hours late.

6. The pronoun ein bisschen - a little means a relatively small share of something:

Kannst du ihr ein bisschen Brot geben?

Can you give her some bread?

This pronoun can be inflected with the indefinite article ein:

Mit ein(em) bisschen Geduld wirst du es schaffen.

With a little patience, you can do it.

The pronoun ein paar - several means several persons or objects. The pronoun ein wenig - a little means a small part of something. These pronouns do not change:

Er ist vor ein paar Tagen verreist.

He left a few days ago.

Mit ein wenig Geduld kann man das erreichen.

If you have a little patience, this can be achieved.

7. Pronoun etwas - anything, something is an unchangeable pronoun that denotes an indefinite object, phenomenon, etc.:

Etwas stimmt hier nicht.

Something's wrong here.

Weißt du etwas?

Do you know anything?

Etwas also means "a little":

Er spricht etwas Französisch.

He speaks a little French.

Hast du etwas Brot für mich?

Do you have some bread for me?

8. Jeder - each, according to its meaning, distinguishes individual elements from the set. This pronoun can refer to people and objects, and can also replace and accompany a noun. It is used only in the singular:

Jeder muss fleißig studieren.

Everyone should study hard.

Jeder Student muss fleißig studieren.

Every student must study diligently.

Wir haben jeden Winkel abgesucht.

We searched every corner.

9. Irgend-, connecting with indefinite pronouns einer, eine, eines, welcher, welche, welches, jemand, etwas, was, wer, further increase uncertainty:

irgendein- any, any, irgendeiner- anyone, anyone, irgendeine- any, any, irgendein- some, some, some, irgendwelcher- any, any, irgendwelche- any, any, irgendwelches- any, any, irgendwelche- any, any, irgendjemand- somebody, somebody, somebody, irgendetwas- anything, irgendwer- anyone.

These pronouns are translated into Russian using particles -something, -or, -that:

Kennst du irgendwen, der ein Auto kaufen möchte?

Do you know anyone/anyone/anyone who would like to buy a car?

10. Jedermann - everyone, everyone an obsolete or high-style pronoun. Most often, jeder is used instead of jedermann - each:

Bald bekommt er mit jedermann Streit.

Soon he will quarrel with everyone.

Das ist nicht jedermanns Geschmack.

It's not to everyone's taste.

11. Jemand - someone, anyone denotes an unidentified person:

Jemand hat nach dir gefragt.

Someone asked you.

Es fiel ihm schwer, jemand(em) zu wiedersprechen.

It was difficult for him to argue with anyone.

Ich kenne jemand(en), der uns hilft.

I know someone who will help us.

To increase uncertainty, irgend- is used:

Hat dich irgendjemand gesehen?

Has anyone seen you?

12. Man denotes some unknown person. This pronoun does not change and is used only in the Nominative case - Nominativ:

Man hat gehört.

We heard.

In the Dative - Dativ and Accusative - Akkusativ cases, einem, einen are used instead:

Je älter man wird, desto rätselhafter wird einem das Leben.

The older you get, the more mysterious life becomes.

Diese Musik lässt einen nicht mehr los.

This music won't let you go.

Man can denote one person or several persons and can even replace the personal pronoun “I”:

Darf man eintreten?

Will you allow me (me, him, us) to come in?

Sentences with man are translated into Russian:

Indefinite personal sentences without a subject. The predicate is in the 3rd person plural:

Man hat mir ein Album geschenkt.

They gave me the album.

Indefinite-personal sentences with a verb in the 2nd person singular with or without the pronoun “you”:

Wenn man das Gemälde anschaut, bewundert man es.

When you look at the picture, you admire it.

Infinitive sentence:

Wie übersetzt man diese Wendung?

How to translate this sentence?

Impersonal sentences with impersonal words: visible, heard, impossible, possible, necessary, necessary, etc.:

Hier hört man nichts.

You can't hear anything here.

Hier sieht man nichts.

There's nothing to be seen here.

Man darf nicht rauchen.

No smoking.

Man muss etwas tun.

Something needs/needs to be done.

Sentences in the passive voice:

Man diskutiert die Wege der Zusammenarbeit.

Ways of cooperation are being discussed.

13. Mancher - some, manche - some, manches - some, manche - some can replace or accompany a noun. They are used in singular and plural:

Die Straße ist an manchen Stellen beschädigt.

The road is damaged in some places.

Manches neue Kleid ist sehr teuer.

Some dresses are very expensive.

Manche lernen das offenbar nicht.

Some people obviously can't learn this.

14. Niemand - no one and nichts - nothing - these are negative indefinite pronouns. Niemand refers to animate objects, while nichts refers to inanimate objects. The pronoun nichts does not change:

Niemand hat an die Tür geklopft.

Nobody knocked on the door.

Ihr ist zum Glück nichts geschehen.

Fortunately, nothing happened to her.

Hast du nichts von Erika gehört?

Have you heard anything about Eric?

15. Sämtlich has singular and plural forms: sämtlicher - all, sämtliche - all, sämtliches - everything, sämtliche - everything. It can accompany or rarely replace a noun:

Sämtlicher Abfall war weggeräumt.

All waste has been removed.

Sämtliche Studenten waren in der Aula.

All the students were in the assembly hall.

16. Viele - many, wenige - few can accompany or replace a noun. They are used only in the plural:

Viele Studenten nahmen an der Veranstaltung teil.

Many students took part in the event.

Viele haben das gesehen.

Many have seen this.

Wenige Menschen glauben daran.

Few people believe this.

Wenige glauben daran.

Few believe this.

17. Viel - a lot, wenig - little used with real and abstract nouns without an article in the singular. They can also be used with plural nouns. These pronouns do not change:

Viel Zeit brauche ich dafür.

It will take me a lot of time to do this.

Wenig/viel Blut wurde vergossen.

Little/a lot of blood was shed.

Ohne viel Worte zu verlieren, half sie ihnen.

Without wasting many words, she helped them.

Using the reflexive pronoun sich

Reflexive pronoun sich is used:

1. In the proper reflexive meaning. It indicates that the action, called a verb, is directed at the one who performs this action, i.e. to the subject of this action:

Sie wäscht sich.

__________|

She is washing herself.

2. As a component of true reflexive verbs, without which these verbs are not used:

Sie schämt sich.

She's ashamed.

True reflexive verbs- these are reflexive verbs in which the reflexive pronoun sich is obligatory and cannot be replaced by another pronoun or noun, etc.

3. As a component of reciprocal verbs. These verbs denote the action of two or more persons. Sich in reciprocal verbs establishes reciprocity, and in meaning corresponds to the pronoun einander - each other:

Sie begegneten sich oft auf dem Wege zur Arbeit.

They often met on the way to work.

4. To express passive relationships:

Die Ware lässt sich schlecht verkaufen.

The product is not selling well.

Auf diesem Stuhl sitzt es sich bequem.

This chair is comfortable to sit on.

Der Roman liest sich leicht.

The novel is easy to read.

Hier atmet es sich leicht.

It's easy to breathe here.

5. In stable expressions:

Das hat nichts auf sich.

This means nothing.

Er kam bald wieder zu sich.

He soon came to his senses.

Der Wein hat in sich.

The wine is strong.

Use of the impersonal pronoun es

Pronoun es is used:

1. In passive sentences. IN subordinate clauses and questions es always appears:

Es sind in den letzten Jahren viele Hochhäuser gebaut worden.

In recent years, many high-rise buildings have been built.

Es wurden Fahnen geschwenkt.

They waved flags.

Ich habe gesehen, dass Fahnen geschwenkt wurden.

I saw that they were waving flags.

Wurden denn auch Fahnen geschwenkt?

Were you waving flags?

Es is also used in subjectless passive sentences at the beginning of a sentence. The predicate is always in the 3rd person singular form:

Es wird auf Wanderungen viel über das Wetter gesprochen.

People talk a lot about the weather during camping trips.

2. The pronoun es is also used as a formal subject:

With actually impersonal verbs denoting natural phenomena or changes in state:

Den ganzen Tag regnete es im Norden.

It rained all day in the north.

Heute ist es kalt, heiß.

It's cold, it's hot today.

Es dämmert.

It's getting light.

Es taut.

It's melting.

Es donnert.

Thunder.

Es blitzt.

Lightning flashes.

With verbs denoting sounds/noises, including those of natural origin, without indicating