Preposition and building material. What are the prepositions in Russian? Prepositions of place, time and non-derivatives

Pretext- this is the auxiliary part of our speech, which expresses semantic connections between nouns, numerals and pronouns and other words in sentences or phrases: went to school, climbed the mountain, ran down the street, approached my father.

Prepositions in Russian, like other auxiliary parts of speech, do not change and always remain in the form in which they exist: in the middle, in half, on, with. Also, prepositions are not members of a sentence, but when parsing a sentence, prepositions are emphasized together with the member of the sentence to which they relate: After short-lived fluctuations the animal came up to me (after hesitation- circumstance, to me- circumstance).

Prepositions, particle conjunctions- these are auxiliary (non-independent) parts of speech. Despite this, they have their own classification and are divided into certain types.

Types of prepositions.

According to morphological characteristics prepositions can be divided into three types:

1. Simple prepositions- prepositions that consist of one word that has the same base: on, in, by, to, with, iso, over, about, after, before, thanks and etc .
2. Complex prepositions- prepositions that consist of one, but have two roots and are written with a hyphen: from under, from behind, over and etc.
3. Compound prepositions- these are prepositions that consist of two or more words: during, in continuation, in contrast to, despite and etc.

By origin, prepositions are:

• Non-derivative prepositions- these are ordinary prepositions that cannot be associated with formation from any part of speech: from, on, in, with, to, by, from, for and many others. Non-derivative prepositions also include complex prepositions: over, from behind, from under.
• Derivative prepositions- these are prepositions formed from other parts of speech (nouns, verbs, etc.): during, in continuation, despite, in view, like and etc.

Derivative prepositions.

There are derivative prepositions several types, which depend on the part of speech with which the formation of the preposition is associated:

1. Denominative prepositions are prepositions formed most often from nouns. The formation of such prepositions can occur with the help of adverbs or directly from the noun. Denominative prepositions include the following: by virtue of, in contrast to, during, like, in view of, as a result of, in continuation of, in contrast to and others. Noun with preposition or an excuse?
2. Verbal prepositions are prepositions that are formed from gerunds: despite, including, thanks, later, later, despite, etc. How do prepositions differ from conjunctions? or another part of speech?
3. Adverbial prepositions are prepositions that come from adverbs: behind, in front, about, inside, near, around, except, in spite of, etc.

Prepositions and case agreement.

Prepositions can be used with one or several forms cases. At the same time, there are prepositions that require control in a specific case: according to - dative, due to - genitive, and in - prepositional and accusative:

According to the schedule, according to the schedule; because of the rain, because of the mother; to Crimea, in Crimea.

Classifications of prepositions according to lexical criteria.

A preposition can express:

• Temporal relation: jump from morning to evening;
• Spatial relation: visit St. Petersburg and Lake Baikal;
• Compare and contrast relationship: as tall as me, something like a flash;
• Escort attitude: take with you, come with your brother;
• Cause ratio: burst into tears of grief;
• Object relation: forget about vacation, talk about wedding;
• Target relationships: going out dress; food for the holiday;

And other categories.

How to do morphological analysis of a preposition?

Preposition parsing plan:

1) Part of speech, purpose of this part of speech;

2) Type of preposition: simple, compound or complex;

3) Type of preposition: derivative or non-derivative;

4) Which word does it refer to;

5) In what case is it controlled in a sentence (phrase);

6) Classification of preposition according to lexical criteria.

An example of morphological analysis of a preposition.

There were two people standing on the porch: he and with him.

On the porch)- preposition, serves to connect words in a given sentence, simple, non-derivative, refers to a noun "porch", used with the prepositional case, has spatial-object relations with the noun.

With him)- preposition, serves to connect words in a sentence, simple, non-derivative, refers to a pronoun "him", used with the instrumental case, has the meaning of accompaniment.

The main difficulty in using prepositions in the Russian language lies in the large number of exceptions. However, first of all, it is worth understanding the basic principle - which preposition to use with this or that word.

If we are talking about material objects, such as a table, wardrobe, refrigerator, box, chest of drawers, then the preposition “On” means location on the surface of the object (on top), and “In” - inside the object.
For example:
Put clothes in the chest of drawers.
Place the clothes on the dresser.

Place the textbook on the table.
Put the textbook on the table.

Even with objects that do not have clear boundaries, such as grass, you can most often use both the preposition "In" and the preposition "On".

For example:
We had a picnic on the grass.
A rabbit hid in the grass.

So, if one object is clearly located on the surface of another, we use the preposition "On".

Attention! According to the logic of language, this surface appears to be something open, not limited from above. This is worth remembering, because this way of looking at things helps to understand the logic and culture of the language, which further develops linguistic flair.

For example:
on the street
On Bridge
on the shore
At the stop
on the square
on the balcony
at the stadium
On the market
on the chair
on the couch
on the table
on the plate
on the mountain
on the island

And also the preposition “On” is used when we talk about cardinal directions:
In the south, in the north, in the west, in the east.

There are a number of exceptions to this rule. Here are some of them:
We use "B" when we talk about bodies of water (we mean being in water):
A fish swims in the river.
We are swimming in the lake.

"B" is also used with the word chair when talking about a person sitting in it. And with the word hand.
I like to sit in a comfortable chair.
Children are taught to hold a spoon in their hand.

We use the preposition “B” when we talk about an object located within another object. That is, the second one seems to be something closed, like a box. Or having clear boundaries.

For example:
in the apartment
in the house
in the country
in the park
in the garden

Exceptions:
at home
at the station
in stock
at the factory
at the factory
on the floor

If we are talking not about material objects, but about events, then most often we use the preposition “On”.
For example:
at the lesson
at the opera
at the exhibition

We can also say “at the opera,” but then the word “opera” moves from the category of an event to the category of a building with its walls and roof. That is, it would mean "in the opera house"

Exceptions:
on a trip
during a trip
on the road
on holiday
business trip
to the cinema

We cannot mention in this article absolutely all the exceptions associated with the use of prepositions, so you may encounter others that you just need to remember.

There are many spelling rules in the Russian language. Most of them cause writing difficulties not only for schoolchildren and foreigners who study Russian, but also for adults. One of these rules is the spelling of prepositions. Mainly the problem is finding them correctly. With simple non-derivative prepositions, everything is more or less clear, and most people do not have difficulty finding them. But in the Russian language there is another group of words that, depending on the context, can refer to different parts of speech. These are derived prepositions that come from adverbs, nouns or gerunds. They are so difficult to write that many people have great difficulty encountering them in the text.

Characteristics of derived prepositions

All prepositions in the Russian language are auxiliary parts of speech that do not have their own meaning and morphological characteristics. They serve as a connecting link between words in a sentence and are used to build a grammatically correct and competent construction. Derivative prepositions in the Russian language appeared relatively recently. They originated from significant parts of speech due to the loss of their own morphological characteristics and meaning. Because of this, their spelling often differs from the original words, causing spelling difficulties. They are used quite often in speech, so every literate person should be able to find them and write them correctly.

Features of this part of speech

1. Derivative prepositions can be simple, consisting of one word, for example, “near”, “around”, “thanks to”, “towards” and others. But many of them consist of two words, retaining the form they had as a significant part of speech. Usually this is a combination of a non-derivative preposition with a noun, so merged with it in meaning and grammatically that it is often perceived as one word. For example: “with the help”, “for lack of”, “not counting”, “at the expense”, “to the extent” and others.

2. The spelling of such prepositions needs to be memorized, because most often it is not regulated by any rules. In difficult cases, you need to check a spelling dictionary. The greatest difficulty is in writing the prepositions “during”, “in continuation”, “as a result”, “subsequently”.

3. To determine that a derivative preposition, and not an independent part of speech, is used in a sentence, you need to replace it with another preposition or conjunction. For example, “as a result” - “because of”, “about” - “about”, “towards” - “to”, “like” - “how”.

4. There is a small group of derived prepositions that are difficult to distinguish from the independent parts of speech from which they originated. This causes difficulties in writing them. In this case, you can only understand the meaning in the context. These words are: “about”, “as a result of”, “thanks to”, “despite” and others.

Types of derivative prepositions

All prepositions under consideration are divided into three groups depending on what part of speech they came from.

1. Adverbial prepositions, that is, derived prepositions formed from adverbs, have retained their meaning. Basically they indicate the time and location of an object in space. For example, “near the house”, “after school”, “inside the box” and others.

2. Denominal prepositions are so called because they are formed from a noun. They can denote spatial, temporal, causal or object relations. This is a fairly large group of prepositions, and they are the ones that most often cause spelling difficulties, for example: “in connection”, “to the extent”, “about”, “like”, “on arrival” and others.

3. Verbal prepositions originate from gerunds, which have lost their meaning of additional action. They are closely related to nouns and are usually used with only one case. For example: “thanks to (what?)”, “in spite of (what?)”, “despite (what?)”.

What meanings do they have?

Each derived preposition, when combined with nouns, gives it a specific meaning. Most often they are used with one case, but you can also ask adverbial questions about them. The most common meanings of derived prepositions:

They denote a certain period of time: “during”, “at the end”, “in completion”, “after” and others;

Causal relations are determined by prepositions: “thanks to”, “in spite of”, “due to”, “as a result of”;

They can indicate the location of an object: “near”, “about”, “opposite”, “in front” and others.

How to learn to write prepositions correctly

The spelling of independent words is regulated by spelling rules. Most people learned them during school and have no difficulty spelling. And derived prepositions do not follow any rules. You need to remember how to write them. But in difficult cases, you can check with a spelling dictionary. The difficulty is most often caused by people’s inability to distinguish sentences with prepositions from constructions with independent parts of speech. If you learn to find these words in the text, there will be fewer mistakes. After all, most people still know the basic rules of spelling.

Ways to search for prepositions in text

1. You need to try to replace the word with another preposition. Each derived preposition has a similar one from the category of non-derivatives, for example, “in view of - because of”, “about - about”, “towards - to”, “following - for” and others. Significant parts of speech are replaced only by synonyms: “for an account - for a book”, “for a meeting - for a date”.

2. Ask a question about the word. If there is a preposition in a sentence, then most likely it will be part of the question, and the answer will be a noun: “I live opposite the school - (opposite what?)” or “(where?) - opposite the school.” And the word, as an independent part of speech, itself answers the question: “this house is opposite - (where?) - opposite.”

3. A derivative preposition cannot be removed from a sentence without losing the meaning and destroying the grammatical structure: “to walk in front of the column - to walk (?) the column.” If you remove the significant part of the speech, then although the meaning will be impoverished, the sentence will not lose its integrity: “he walked ahead - he walked.”

4. They can also be distinguished by meaning. For example, “during the day” is a preposition that denotes a period of time, and “during the river” is a noun that denotes the flow of water.

What derivative prepositions are written together

Among the words of this part of speech there are many that have long been used in the Russian language. Some prepositions have so merged with nouns in meaning that almost no one has any difficulty spelling them. For example, “near”, “like”, “in view of”, “instead of”, “like”, “inside” and others. But there are also words that are written together only when they are used as prepositions. And here you need to be able to distinguish them from significant parts of speech. For example, “due to the rain” is a preposition; you can replace it with the word “due to,” and “as a consequence of the case” is a noun: “(in what?) - as a result.” More examples of frequently used prepositions and their difference with homonymous parts of speech: “towards each other” - “to meet friends”, “about repairs” - “to a bank account”. You also need to remember that “not” in prepositions formed from gerunds is written together: “despite his advanced age (despite what?)” is a preposition, but compare: “he walked without (not looking) around” .

Compound derivative prepositions

Spelling of prepositions that consist of two words also causes difficulties. But they are not associated with the separate spelling of these words, but most often with the letter at the end of the preposition. It needs to be remembered, since basically it is completely different from the nouns from which these words come:

The letter “and” is written at the end of the prepositions “after”, “on arrival”, “at the end”, “in connection”, “in accordance”, “in comparison”, “during”;

You need to remember the spelling of prepositions with the letter “e” at the end: “during”, “in continuation”, “in conclusion”, “in contrast”, “in conclusion”, “in commemoration”, “on arrival”, “on arrival” ";

There is also a group of prepositions that cause almost no difficulties: “by virtue”, “to the extent”, “in connection” and some others.

In order for a person’s speech to be literate, it is necessary to use derivative prepositions as much as possible. They enrich the language, allow you to more accurately express your thoughts and use grammatically correct constructions.

A preposition is a service part of speech, the main function of which is the connection between pronouns, nouns, numerals and words belonging to other parts of speech.

The concept of preposition

Prepositions denote the relationship between two objects (a boat with a sail), between an object and an action (look at the river), between an object and a sign (ready for self-sacrifice). Prepositions cannot change according to cases, numbers, tenses and genders.

They never act as independent members in a sentence. Often in a sentence, prepositions are placed either before nouns or before modifiers that refer to the noun. For example: in a red dress. Some prepositions can also be used after a noun. For example: for what or for the sake of what.

Types of prepositions for education

According to the method of formation, prepositions are divided into two categories: non-derivative and derivative. Non-derivatives prepositions (sometimes called primitives) are prepositions that have no connections with other parts of speech, that is, are not formed from them. Examples of non-derivative prepositions: at, because of, from, with, without.

Derivatives prepositions (non-primitive) are prepositions that are formed on the basis of words belonging to independent parts of speech. Derivative prepositions are divided into three groups:

Adverbial: opposite, around, along, near;

Denominate: in the form of, at the expense of, in view of, about, during;

Verbal: including, starting, excluding, after, thanks.

Types of prepositions by structure

According to their structure, prepositions are divided into two groups: simple and compound. Simple prepositions are written together: about, thanks to, around, as a result. Composite prepositions include two or more words that should be written separately: in continuation, in connection with, towards, depending on, except.

Morphological analysis of the preposition

Prepositions should be parsed according to this scheme:

1. Part of speech, grammatical role (what is this preposition used for in a sentence);

2. Identification of morphological characteristics:

Derivative or non-derivative;

Simple or compound.

For example: Maria Ivanovna, with her hands behind her back, quickly walked around the living room from corner to corner, looking ahead of her, and thoughtfully shaking her head. There are four prepositions in this sentence:

- By: simple, non-derivative, used in a sentence with a noun in the dative case;

- from: simple, non-derivative, used in a sentence with a noun in the genitive case;

- V: simple, non-derivative, used in a sentence with a noun in the accusative case;

Slide 1

"Pretext"
Mishukova Olga Ivanovna, primary school teacher MBOU Sosnovskaya Secondary School No. 1, r. Sosnovka village, Tambov region.

Slide 2

Guess it! He is not a member of a sentence, but this guy knows the matter well. He gives other words a helping hand. Helps them, protects connections, But it is always written separately from words. He thinks it’s very bad to pester them.
There is no way to find an excuse. Tell you about the PREPOSITION. So let's just tell you what he does and how.
pretext

Slide 3

The term "preposition" translated from Greek means "before the word." There are not many of them, about 200, but in terms of frequency of use they occupy fourth place (after nouns, verbs and pronouns)..
What does this term mean?

Slide 4

Information from dictionaries.
From the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov Preposition - In grammar: an unchangeable part of speech, a word expressing the relationship between words within a sentence that are grammatically dependent on each other.
From the dictionary of V. I. Dahl A preposition is one of the particles, an indeclinable part of speech that controls the cases of names.

Slide 5

Why are prepositions needed in speech?
1. Prepositions are an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun, numeral, pronoun on other words in a phrase and sentence: I live on my native land. I walk on my native land. I press my cheek to the ground: It smells like spicy grass.

Slide 6

2. Prepositions - do not change and are not parts of the sentence. 3. Prepositions connect words, changing their form, that is, they participate in the formation of word forms: walked in the yard, went out onto the path. 4. Prepositions link words into a sentence: The girl was sitting _____ bench. The girl was sitting on a bench.

Slide 7

Spelling prepositions.
1. Prepositions are written before nouns, since between the preposition and the noun you can insert the word: left the house - left this house 2. The preposition is written before the adjective and numeral, they can be omitted or the word inserted between them: in a beautiful box - in this a beautiful box, in a box; on the third floor - on our third floor, on the floor.

Slide 8

Spelling prepositions.
3. Prepositions are written before personal pronouns: for me, for you, for them 4. There are no prepositions before verbs: cooked, made, lets go If the preposition ends with a paired consonant, and the word begins with a paired consonant, then it must be! very careful when writing words: without noise, under the cart. Prepositions can be compound, that is, consist of two words: along along the road.

Slide 9

Prepositions with the letter “A” Prepositions with the letter “O” Other prepositions Prepositions with the letter “Z”
for on over (necessary) about, from, from, to, along, under (under), about, about, about, in, with, around, about with, in (you), at, before, before, along, near , around from, near, through, through, without, because of, from under, through
Prepositions are always written the same way. Therefore, they need to be remembered.

Slide 10

Don't confuse prepositions and prefixes.
A preposition is a word, so you can insert (omit) a word between it and another word. A prefix is ​​part of a word, so you cannot insert the word between the prefix and the continuation of the word: crazy - crazy, ran around the corner. ! Be especially careful when writing prepositions and prefixes ending in a paired consonant: under a period, sharpened, under the noise, hemmed, did with a friend

Slide 11

spatial (in, on, because of, under, about, around, to, above) temporal (through, to, to, with, before, during) causal (by, from, due to, as a result of, because of, for ) mode of action (with, without, in, by) target (for, for the sake of, on) additional (about, about, about, with, to, about)
According to their meaning, prepositions are divided into categories:

Slide 12

non-derivative, the name itself suggests that in modern language they are not derived from any words; these include (without, in, for, to, for, from, to, on, over, about (about), from, by, under, with, about, for the sake of, with, y, through) derivatives, i.e. . are derived from words of the modern Russian language, from nouns, adverbs, gerunds (during, according to, in continuation of, in view of, despite, towards, in defiance of, thanks to, in spite of)
By origin, prepositions are divided into:

Slide 13

In some languages, prepositions come after the words they refer to. For example, in the language of the Komi peoples, the expression on the road sounds like this: tui vylyn - “the road on” (tui - “road”, vylyn - “on”). In the Hungarian language, prepositions also appear after the word and are even written together with the noun to which they refer (Budapestben - “in Budapest” - ben - preposition in)
This is interesting!

Slide 15

Repetition is a game.
Joking questions. 1.The name of which very common tree consists of four prepositions? (s-o-s-na) 2. What two prepositions can be used to form the name of a pet? (to-o-za) Which of the two? (to) 3. From what 4 prepositions can you make up the name of an important bicycle accessory, without which you should not go on a long trip? (pump)
Charades. 1. My first syllable is a preposition, And in the second we will live all summer, And the whole from us and you has been waiting for an answer for a long time. (problem) 2. I keep a lot of treasures. But it's easy to get me out. You add me to the preposition - I immediately turn into speech. (pre-treasure) 3. Preposition and building material The sea can withstand the shaft. (cliff)

Slide 16

Have fun learning prepositions!

Slide 19

http://www.babycrew.ru – clipart children, http://www.tvoyrebenok.ru/detskie-fony-dlja-prezentacij.shtml – backgrounds, http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=% D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8% D0%B3%D0%B0&noreask=1&img_url=s56.radikal.ru%2Fi153%2F0904%2F22%2Fb86a01f3062at.jpg&pos=6&rpt=simage&lr=13 open book; http://fotodnya.info/moda/matematika-i-devizy.html - owl;
Internet resources:
Literature: V. I. Dal Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language (modern version for schoolchildren), M., Zskmo, 2005 S. I. Ozhegov Dictionary of the Russian language, M., ONICS World and Education, 2005 L. I. Tikunova, T. V. Ignatieva, L. E. Tarasova Russian language in elementary school, M., AST Astrel, 2007 G. V. Aleksandrova Entertaining Russian language, St. Petersburg, TRIGON, 1998