Methods for the emergence of new words. Reasons for the appearance of neologisms in the Russian language

Continuation of acquaintance with the lexical meaning of words. Work with various explanatory dictionaries, with the history of the appearance of new words in in Russian.

How many words are in Russian?

It is hardly possible to give a reliable and accurate answer to this question, because even the largest dictionaries, numbering tens and hundreds of thousands of words, cannot contain, register and fix all the words that are in a particular language. And it's not just that there are a lot of these words. The point is also that language is a living organism, it lives and develops together with society, therefore all changes (social, economic, political, cultural, etc.) that occur in society are reflected in the language, especially in vocabulary.
M. Gorky wrote: "The Russian language is inexhaustibly rich, and everything is enriched with astonishing speed." Indeed, new words appear in the language every day. This is what led to the need to create dictionaries of neologisms in the 60–80s of the 20th century. The first such dictionary called "New words and meanings" (under the editorship of N.Z. Kotelova) was published in 1971, the second - in 1984. They recorded the new that appeared in the language in 60–70 years and was not yet reflected in the explanatory dictionaries available at that time. In the 70–80s, a whole series of issues “New in Russian vocabulary” was published (under the editorship of N.Z. Kotelova): “Dictionary materials - 77”, “Dictionary materials - 78”, etc., in which and described new words and phrases noted on the pages of the most popular periodicals at that time (for 3 months a year). So, in "Vocabulary - 80" there are 2700 dictionary entries, in "Vocabulary - 82" more than 5 thousand. A simple calculation shows that more than 1000 words appear in the Russian language in a month. And this is only according to official sources, according to dictionaries. Indeed, there are much more new words.

In the 60s of the XX century, the first words appeared with video-. The 1971 Dictionary of Neologisms records 6 words: video recorder, video recorder, video recorder, video signal, video telephone, video telephone. In the 70s, a nest of words with video- replenishes significantly. There are words like video library, video cassette, video film, videophone(17 new words according to the dictionary in 1984). Intensive development video industry at the end of the 20th century leads to the formation of even more words with video-. The model turned out to be so “convenient” and productive that “The Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language. Language changes at the end of the 20th century” (edited by G.N. Sklyarevskaya, St. Petersburg, 1998; M., 2001) already records more than 60 words ( video clip, video copy, video culture, video pirates...). Some words have not one, but several meanings ( video footage - 3, video monitor - 2, video set-top box - 2, etc.). Most of these words do not need explanation, because the objects and phenomena that they denote have firmly entered our lives. The proof that these words are actively used is the appearance of jargons like vid, vid.

Nest of words with video- best shows that main reason the emergence of new words in the language - the need for nomination (names, designations, markings) new phenomena in the life of society .

Naturally, there are other reasons, among which we can mention striving for a more precise designation of phenomena , as well as desire for self-expression (individual-author's neologisms, jargon, etc.).

What are the ways in which new words appear in the Russian language?

The analysis of the dictionaries of neologisms makes it possible to determine the main trends in the development of the lexical system of the Russian language in the second half of the 20th century. What are they?
1. New formations as a result of word-formation (derivational) processes (for example, small things, informal, mental) –morphological way .

2. Semantic transformation of the word (appearance of new meanings for the word: zebra- crosswalk, jungle- law of the jungle pencil case– type of garage...) – lexico-semantic way .

3. The formation of words based on phrases (such as today now) – lexico-syntactic way , unproductive.

4. The transition from one part of speech to another (such as thanks to(whom?) - gerund, thanks to(what?) - preposition) - morphological-syntactic way , unproductive.

One of the ways of word-building stock are borrowing (ikebana, consensus, know-how, plein air, felt-tip pen...) is an external influence.

According to researchers, more than 90% of modern neoplasms are the result of word formation in the language itself.

The leader in word formation is morphological way.

As a result of morphological word formation from stems and affixes that already exist in the language, new words appear in phonetic-morphological terms. In this case, words are created by analogy, i.e. modeled on those already existing in the language. For example: avalanche- Similarly explosive, PR man- Similarly debater.

Synopsis of an open lesson in the Russian language on the topic: “How and why do new words appear? With the use of gaming technologies for the formation of speech culture skills in 4th grade students.

Performed:Makarova Natalya Vadimovna , primary school teacher"MBU Gymnasium No. 39" city of Togliatti.

Lesson type: familiarity with new material.

Target: expand, deepen and consolidate the knowledge of the Russian language among younger students, teach active speech communication in Russian,introduce the concept of "neologisms" as a kind of vocabulary , to promote the development of creative abilities and the enrichment of vocabulary in students.

Tasks:

Tutorials:

development of interest in the Russian language as an academic subject;

awakening students' need for independent work over the knowledge of the native language;

development of creativity and vocabulary enrichment.

Educators:

fostering a culture of handling a book;

the formation and development of students' diverse interests, a culture of thinking.

Educational :

develop ingenuity and ingenuity;

develop visual memory and spelling vigilance;

develop the ability to use a variety of dictionaries;

to teach the organization of personal and collective activities in working with a book.

Health saving:

Prevention of mental stress by changing activities, physical education.

Technology : game and activity method.

This technologyfundamentally changes the role of the student in the classroom: now he is not a listener, a contemplator, but a researcher, an organizer of his activities.

The use of this learning technology allows students to move one step further in mastering learning activities, i.e.:

learn to learn (“I know how to teach myself);

develop cognitive activity (“I like to study, everything is interesting”);

maintain intrinsic motivation (“I understand why I study”)

to improve elementary reflective qualities (“I know how to accept the assessment of the teacher, I myself evaluate my own activity”).

Equipment and materials for the lesson: an interactive whiteboard for demonstrating a multimedia presentation; didactic Handout; cartoon K. Chukovsky "From two to five".

The form of conducting - "workshop", "laboratory of the word" - contributes to the development of the ability to use knowledge in a non-standard situation, develops the independence and initiative of children in choosing the necessary means of solving an educational problem.

Forms of work: collective,group, individual.

UUD:

Communicative : Establish working relationships, cooperate effectively and promote productive cooperation.

Cognitive: find answersto questions in the text, dictionary, illustrations.

Regulatory UUD: To studyexpressown assumption (version) based on work with the material,workaccording to the plan, comparing their actions with the goal,adjusttheir activities; in dialogue with the teacher to develop assessment criteria anddeterminethe degree of success of their work and the work of others in accordance with these criteria, process and transform information from one form to another (make a plan, table, diagram).

PWhen performing tasks, cognitive universal learning activities are formed: extracting and presenting information.

Tasks contribute to the formation of communicative UUD - the skills of business cooperation: to negotiate, listen to someone else's point of view, compare different points of view, distribute responsibilities.Communicative UUD:formalizetheir thoughts in oral and written form (at the level of a sentence or a short text); build reasoning.

During the classes.

Organization of the lesson.

Goal setting.

Today I propose to start this lesson with a lexical riddle. What word are you talking about?

It was formed from the Latin word laboro.Do you have enough information to guess?

It was formed from the Latin word laboro and is translated as "I work."Is there enough information now? your assumptions.

It denotes an equipped room adapted for special experiments and research.Guess what the word is? This is a laboratory.

Today we will travel toword lab .

Working with an explanatory dictionary

Do you think the word laboratory has one or more meanings? ?

What source can we turn to to give an accurate answer to the question posed ?

Let's turn toexplanatory dictionary of Ozhegov.

LABORATORY : inner side creative activity. Creative laboratory of the writer.

LABORATORY : institution, department where scientific and technical experiments, experimental studies, analyzes are carried out. Problem lab. Educational laboratory.

Which of these meanings can be attributed to the combination of the word laboratory?

Group work (check on slide)

Let's try to give an interpretation of the combination "word laboratory". To do this, pay attention to how the importance of some laboratories is explained.

What can be a laboratory?An institution, a center, and even an airplane!

What do they do in the labs?Test, explore, practice .

So, we are in the laboratory of the word. Our goal is to find out “How and why do new words appear?” What are your guesses? (Individual responses). Yes, that's right, we are familiar with the way of forming new words with the help of prefixes, suffixes, roots. There are other ways, the first on the screen (watching the cartoon "From two to five"). What conclusion can you draw (answers, after consulting, are given by one of the team).

Think of a way to quickly memorize this vocabulary word.

Independent work with text.

Guys, this type of formation of new words is called (on the slideoccasionalisms) . Think about the meaning of this word and decipher it (invented by chance, that is, in an unusual situation).

What do you think, do you know how to do it? Of course you can! Before you is a text, you need to change the words in it to ordinary, understandable to everyone. (Children use the words in the hint, work on A4 sheets, check on the slide).

Hai! My dear, go for a walk with me. Or maybe Mimi wants to look at her TV. P.Zh, go for a walk, in kind, everything will be a bunch!

Sabki and package.

Letter.

Hello! My beautiful, come with me for a walk. Or maybe the sweetheart wants to look at her phone. Please, let's go for a walk, really, everything will be fine!

Thank you and bye.

SMS- __________________.

Hai-____________! Nyashka-____________ my, go-__________ walk with me. Or maybe Mimi-___________ wants to look at-_____________ in his telly-____________. P.Zh-___________________, go-______________ walk, in kind-__________________, everything will be a bunch-__________________!

Syabki-_____________ and package-______________.

Check the spelling of words in a spelling dictionary. Find the meaning in the explanatory dictionary "letter".Is it nice to receive such a letter? Why? (this letter is not imbued with kindness, gratitude, respect for the addressee) When we compose a letter, we must remember that a letter should bring joy. Change the letter using the norms of the literary language.

creative work in pairs. Game "Think of a word"

Flash drive bag -sumflash (check on slide)

What word did you get - this is a complex word, it was formed by adding two roots. Try to make a dictionary of new words on the topic “I am writing SMS”.

Group work.

Why do you think there was a need for the formation of compound words?

In the age of technological progress, the Russian language is actively replenished with new words. Compound words in the language are very convenient, because they allow you to more accurately and concisely name an object or phenomenon. The emergence of new words did not bypass the word laboratory.I want to congratulate you, you have formed a new kind of words - these are neologisms. Try to find the correct pronunciation of this word in the dictionary. Come up with a way to quickly memorize the word for the correct spelling.

Before you words-neologisms. Read these words.

Which of these can you explain? Match the words with the lexical meaning, explain their way of formation.

GAME FIND THE MEANING OF NEOLOGISM

preventing the penetration of viruses into a computer system;

detecting the presence of viruses in a computer system;

elimination of viruses from a computer system without causing damage to other objects of the system;

minimizing damage from viruses.

snowmobile

one who makes flights in outer space on aircraft; astronaut

stargazer

(from English flash mob - flash - flash; instant, instant; mob - crowd; translated as "instant crowd") - this is a pre-planned mass action in which a large group of people appears in a public place, performs pre-agreed actions (scenario) and then diverges

flash mob

self-propelled sled powered by a pusher propeller driven by an internal combustion engine

Dictionary check.

Which of these words do not apply to you?

Is it advisable for the word laboratory to pay attention to words that are rarely found in our speech?

Which of these words do you use in your speech?

Do parents use these words? What about grandparents?

Do your loved ones feel discomfort from the fact that they cannot always understand your speech? How can you help? (One of the options is a project, the creation of a lexical dictionary of neologisms, but we will deal with this in another lesson).

Problem solving. Teamwork .

And I would like to show you two more types of new and at the same time old words for us.

Work on slides: historicisms and archaisms. (Tasks on slides)

Hints on the board on the cards.

Summary of the lesson. Reflection

Let's summarize our work.

How and why do neologisms appear in Russian?

What are neologisms for?

Neologisms enrich the Russian language. Their appearance is due to two reasons:

the need to name a new object;

the need to give a new, better name for what is already indicated in the language.

What methods of word formation did you use?

The Russian language is a living language, and therefore it is constantly evolving. Some words are falling out of active use, and more and more new words are emerging that our grandparents have such a hard time getting used to. Based on this, it is possible to logically answer the question of what neologisms are.

Neologisms are new words or expressions that appear in the language along with the emergence of new objects, phenomena, concepts, processes in social life.

When you know what neologisms are, it’s not difficult to find examples:
genome, clone, management, manager, logistics, virtual, interactive, image maker, bowling, etc.

How neologisms appear

During its appearance, each word is a neologism, since it means a new concept that has just appeared. Over time, it becomes commonly used and is included in the active dictionary of the language. In other words, words retain the status of neologisms until they become commonly used, inherent in the vocabulary of as many native speakers as possible.

Now it's hard to believe, but such words as the subway, cosmodrome, television, moon rover, genotype, refrigerator, perestroika, privatization were also neologisms in the Russian language at one time.

Along with lexical neologisms (new words), a lot of semantic neologisms also appear (words that already exist in the language, but acquire new meanings). For example, such modern neologisms: a kettle is not a device for heating water, but a person who does not understand anything at all; a pirate is not only a sea robber, but also a person who uses copyrighted works of science, culture and technology without the permission of the authors, which is a violation of the law.

Another reason for the appearance of neologisms is the desire to give a brighter name to an existing object or phenomenon. A title that matches the worldview of the author.

Types of neologisms

Thus, modern neologisms in the Russian language are divided into general language and individual (author's), which can be found in the works of writers or scientists.

For example, V. Mayakovsky used such words as lyubenochek, hurry, turn blue. Such words rarely come into active use, but there are exceptions. Not everyone knows that such familiar words as industry, love, absent-mindedness, touching are the author's neologisms of N. Karamzin.

Who knows, maybe it is thanks to you that our language will be even more replenished with neologisms?

New words (neologisms)

Ways to explain obsolete words in the text

Obsolete words included in a literary text require explanation in some cases. It can be done:

1) in a footnote or in a dictionary after the text;

2) sometimes an explanation is given in brackets (see the article by Yuri Shatalov "The First Tomb of the Holy Prince" in Appendix 30);

3) more complex ways of interpreting obsolete words, included in the artistic presentation itself.

06turning to the book by V. Kataev "The Broken Life, or the Magic Horn of Oberon" , in which the word is for the author the same subject of memory as the people, things and events that surrounded him in childhood. Therefore, the meaning of the word is revealed in detail and lovingly, through a specially stipulated parallel with a modern word or through a live picture - a description of the subject:

“I really loved it when my mother took me with her to the Midget store for shopping. I must add that the Dwarf himself was always in a bowler hat, somewhat reminiscent of junk workers, since all the junk workers in our city wore bowlers and were called not junk workers, but "old-timers". », “We immediately - without wasting time - ran to the basement of Zhenya Dubastoy's house and quickly found a lot of all sorts of things there ... and among other things, a tube of universal glue "syndeticon", very popular at that far, far away time. ... "Syndeticon" really tightly glued a variety of materials, but in particular, fingers stuck together from it, which were then very difficult to unstick. This thick, smelly, amber-yellow glue had the ability to stretch in infinitely thin, infinitely long hair strands that stuck to clothes, furniture, walls, so that careless, hasty use of this universal glue was always accompanied by a lot of trouble ... ".

New words that appear in the language as a result of the emergence of new concepts, phenomena, qualities are called neologisms (from gr. neos- new + logos- word).

Neologisms are divided into two types:

1) lexical neologisms denote the appearance in life of new things, phenomena, qualities (for example, virgin lands, lunar, astronaut, etc.);

2) semantic neologisms- a new name for something that already has a name (for example, background - the lining of a peasant shirt, the hype - gold leaf, etc.).

A neologism that arose along with a new object, thing, concept is not immediately included in the active composition of the dictionary. After a new word becomes commonly used, publicly available, it ceases to be a neologism. For example, the words Soviet, collectivization, collective farm, team leader, tractor driver, Komsomol member, pioneer, Michurinist, metro builder, virgin lands, lunar explorer, cosmonaut and many others.

Consequently, due to the continuous historical development of the lexical composition of the language, many words, back in the 19th century. perceived as neologisms with an abstract meaning (for example, fiction, liberty, reality, citizenship, humanism- humanity, idea, public, equality etc.), in the modern language are part of the active stock of the dictionary.

And some words, having arisen quite recently (tax in kind, surplus appropriation, ukom, nepman, swagger, party maximum, party minimum, people's commissar etc.), managed to pass into the category of obsolete.

Reasons for the emergence of new words:

1) In everyday speech, we create new words for the following purposes:

1. With the help of a new word, we name new objects and phenomena: dutik boots, wheat variety "Dnepryanka".

2. However, we can create a name for a phenomenon that is well known, but does not have a verbal designation in the language. For example, the departure of the audience from the hall when they do not like the film is not at all new, but we do not designate this phenomenon with a special word. But one Sverdlovsk resident pointed out: “ The hall splashed».

3. Words are also created when we want to more clearly designate a phenomenon that has a name, instead of intricate, Thuringian porcelain is said to be finicky, the sealant is called sticky donut.

4. You can play with words. This is readily done by children who are learning the language, but adults are sometimes not averse to making up some kind of word for fun: “Since there is a fountain pen, there must be an autoleg. There is neither a new object nor an old phenomenon without a name. There is word-creation here for the sake of jokes, entertainment.

2) What is observed in everyday speech occurs in artistic or journalistic speech. Here, new objects created by the artist's imagination get new names: cybers at the Strugatskys, the best V. Zorin and others.

New words are divided into two groups depending on the reasons for their appearance in the language. Neologisms are new words created to denote new phenomena. All the rest are occasionalisms.

In addition to neologisms, which are the property of the national language, new words formed by one or another author stand out. Some of them entered the literary language, for example, drawing, mine, pendulum, pump, attraction, constellation, etc. (at M. Lomonosov), industry, love, distraction, touching(at Karamzin), fade away(by F. Dostoevsky), etc.

Others remain part of the so-called occasional author's formations. They perform figurative and expressive functions only in an individual context and, as a rule, are created on the basis of existing word-formation models, for example, mandolin, smile, sickle, hammery, chamberlain and many others (by V. Mayakovsky); roared, roiled ( B. Pasternak), furry, the country of Ant and Muravskaya country ( from A. Tvardovsky), magic, cellophane(by A. Voznesensky), broad-bodied, unfamiliarity, overworld, inflexibility and others (from E. Yevtushenko), etc.

Reasons for the emergence of new words

In our age of industrialization, scientific and technological progress, intense social and political life, full of events of international significance, the process of lexical enrichment of the language is going on all the time.

All changes and processes taking place in public life are directly reflected in the languages ​​of all countries of the world, and the French language, of course, is no exception in this regard.

The vocabulary of the language directly reflects reality. The main purpose of a lexical unit is the naming function.

The term "lexicon" itself comes from the Greek " lexis » word, and denotes the vocabulary of the language. Vocabulary is a complex system that is an integral part of the general system of the language. Speaking about the systemic nature of vocabulary, it means that the members of the lexical system are integrally formatted and separately formatted lexical units, are related in some way.

Speaking about the continuous replenishment of vocabulary, it should be noted that each new phenomenon discovered in science, the invention of certain machines, vehicles, medicines, household items - all this gets its names, while either new words and phrases are created, or old ones are used. words with new meanings.

The emergence and development of new sciences is accompanied by the emergence of new terms denoting these sciences, as follows: bionic, e cologie, informatique, astroge ologie.

Many of the technical terms gradually become elements of everyday language and are widely used. For example, at present, everyone understands such words as: laser, cosmodrome, cosmonaut, masse- media.

The protest movement in the capitalist countries takes many forms. These phenomena are directly reflected in the language. Thus, a protest movement among young people against the prevailing way of life in France caused the appearance of the word contestantisme - challenging , contestataire - contestant. These words appeared on the basis of a less common word - contestant .

The fascination of the French with English words, which reached Anglomania, is due to the appearance of words franglais- from fran (ç ais) and ( an)flais , franglicisme , franglaisant .

The formation of a large number of words offers a wealth of word-formation means and a developed word-formation system.

The French language has a complex and diverse system of word-formation means. New lexical units are created using the means of all levels of the language - phonetic, morphemic, lexico-semantic and syntactic. Sometimes several are used various ways simultaneously.

Depending on the language level to which word-building means belong, there are three main types of word-formation: phonetic, morphological, semantic. Morphological and semantic word formation are the most important means of forming new words.

In phonetic word formation, new words are created by onomatopoeia (for example, coucou). Phonetic word formation also serves to create interjections, that is, words expressing various emotional states (for example, chut, pst .).

In semantic word formation, the form of the word does not change, only its meanings or function change, for example, voler - to fly , voler - to steal .

In preparing this work, materials from the site http://www.studentu.ru were used.