Star News
Industrial voltage in different countries. System Operator of the Unified Energy System
The impetus in the development of electricity came in the second half of the 19th century. It was at this time that scientists made a number of discoveries in this area, which made it possible to find practical applications for electricity. Thomas Edison invented the first electric light bulb and, promising everyone very cheap lighting, set about building power stations.
As shown above, increasing the electrolysis time from 2 to 3 minutes results in a 93% increase in color removal efficiency, 99% haze removal, and 98% oil and grease removal efficiency. Therefore, there is no need for a longer electroflocculation retention time, which results in more electrode and energy consumption.
On the other hand, according to Faraday's Law, the mass of the consumed electrode is directly related to the applied current and is determined by equation 33. In all analyzes, this parameter was not experimentally determined by weighing. Determination of the optimal pH and the optimal dose of coagulant.
The first lamps were arc lamps, in which the discharge took place in the open air between two carbon rods. At this time, it was empirically established that the voltage of 45 V is the most suitable for arc burning. To reduce the short-circuit currents that occurred at the moment the lamps were ignited (when coals came into contact), and for more stable arc burning, a ballast resistor was connected in series with the arc lamp. It was also found that the resistance of the ballast resistor should be such that the voltage drop across it during normal operation is approximately 20 V. Thus, the total voltage in the installations direct current at first it was 65 V, and this voltage was used for a long time. However, two arc lamps were often connected in series in one circuit, which required 2x45 \u003d 90 V for operation, and if we add another 20 V to this voltage attributable to the resistance of the ballast resistor, we get a voltage of 110 V.
However, these high concentrations of coagulant become unviable for use in the test effluent due to its large amount. Electroflocculation technology alternating current appears to be a promising alternative in the treatment of oily effluents from the oil industry.
Its complete clarification is observed from the initial pH 6 to. Gomes, J. Russian Current: Electrotherapy and Muscle Toning. The Russian current is an electrical stimulus that locally contracts the muscles. This stimulus is delivered by high-tech electrotherapy equipment that promotes muscle contraction through an electrical current. The technique, which is absolutely painless, is widespread among aesthetic centers around the world.
Thomas Edison's mistake was that he used DC generators to generate current, and tried to transmit direct current through wires. The power supply radius did not exceed several hundred meters and had huge losses. Attempts to expand the boundaries of the power supply area led to the birth of the so-called three-wire DC system (110x2=220 V).
Here professionals in the field of aesthetic medicine and physiotherapy have access to the best brands of equipment that meet all needs. Based on these questions, Russian scientist Yakov Kotz developed a process for solving this problem in a flexible and efficient way. The technique is known as "Russian stimulation".
Since then, research and studies have shown the importance of electrical stimulation, currently used in various parts of the world, for muscle toning and performance enhancement in professional and amateur athletes, among many other benefits.
At the same time, Nikola Tesla led the development and implementation of alternating current generators and systems. The use of alternating current with a voltage of several thousand volts made it possible to simplify and reduce the cost of the electrical network and increase the radius of power supply (more than 2 km with a loss of up to 3% of the voltage in the main wires instead of 17-20% in direct current networks). And at the output to consumers through transformers, the voltage dropped to 127 volts (3 phases = 220 volts, 1 phase = 127 volts according to the formula √220/3).
By definition, Russian current is medium frequency alternating current by means of a device that radiates electric current of low frequency, low voltage and low intensity. As soon as it comes into contact with the skin, the electrical stimulus reduces the action and promotes cellular regeneration, in addition to being an option for post-operative cosmetic or reconstructive surgery.
The Russian chain can be used in men and women for various purposes. The Russian current acts as an addition to cosmetic products that are aimed at shaping and strengthening muscle tone. There are many functionalities and features of electrical stimulation through devices.
This continued until the 60s of the last century and in the USSR, until the number of electrical appliances overtook the number of the population. To somehow reduce the load, it was necessary either to thicken the wires in cable lines or increase the voltage (I=U/R). They chose the lesser of evils and increased the voltage in the network to the same 220 volts only for each phase.
The Russian scientist Dolivo-Dobrovolsky was the first to propose decomposing the current into active and passive components and recommended taking a sinusoid as the main form of the current curve. With regard to the frequency of the current, he spoke in favor of 30-40 Hz. Later, as a result of critical selection, only two frequencies of industrial current were used: 60 Hz in America and 50 Hz in other countries. These frequencies turned out to be optimal, because an increase in frequency leads to an excessive increase in the speed of rotation of electrical machines (with the same number of poles), and a decrease in frequency adversely affects the uniformity of illumination.
Promotes cell regeneration as soon as it comes into contact with the skin. - Has the ability to change the shape of the body, quickly reducing measures, in a completely non-obtrusive way. - The use of Russian current "moves" about 40% of muscle fibers compared to conventional physical exercises. - Increases muscle strength and volume. Flow-stimulated contraction, other than voluntary contraction, results in greater muscle hypertrophy. - This is an excellent therapeutic resource for muscle recovery in case of more intensive training. - Effective in the treatment of neurological, pulmonary, urinary and neuropsychiatric diseases. - Facilitates the process of healing and recovery of fractures.
That's why we have in sockets 220 V 50 Hz
In contact with
Household appliances from Korea or any other foreign-made appliances are often designed to work from electrical network, the frequency of the alternating current in which is 60 Hz. Naturally, the owners of such devices have a reasonable question - can they be used in Russia or other countries with a power supply frequency of 50 Hz? The answer is as simple as the multiplication table: you can! But given that the equipment is designed to be powered by a network with a voltage of 220-230 volts. For example, if the nameplate of a Korean juicer has an operating frequency of 60 Hz and a voltage of 220-230V, then the device will work properly.
Reduces swelling and muscle spasms. It stimulates blood circulation, lymphatic system and cell oxygenation. - Provides greater muscle and muscle tone. It does not cause irritation, burn or discomfort: the process is 100% painless - it fights and improves cellulite and sagging. - Helps to lose weight in a safe way by effectively working on the elimination of localized fat. - Strengthens and defines the muscles of the abdomen, thighs, legs, arms and buttocks. Helps in restoring muscle tone in postpartum and general aesthetic surgeries. - Electric stimulus fights unwanted wrinkles on the face and neck. - The Russian chain works completely on the musculature, stimulating the support and burst fibers, which are the fibers that define the silhouette of the body. - Improves the functioning of the circulatory system.
Where did they even come from?
The world began to electrify in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In America, Edison and Westinghouse stood at its origins, Europe was “accustomed” to the electric power industry mainly by the engineers of the German company Siemens. Standard frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz were chosen, in general, relatively randomly from the range of 40...60 Hz. Here the limits of the range were not chosen by chance: at a frequency below 40 Hertz, arc lamps, which at that time were the main electric source of artificial lighting, could not work, and at a frequency above 60 Hz, asynchronous electric motors designed by Nikola Tesla, the most common at that time, did not work. ..
It is important to emphasize that adopting healthy habits associated with electrical stimulation of the Russian current is always the best way to achieve positive results. Contraindications of the Russian current. Cardiovascular or pulmonary disease - Patients with renal dysfunction, circulatory problems. - People with epilepsy - Pacemakers - In case of patients with dermatitis or severe muscle damage.
In addition, it offers the best payment terms, bringing the purchase up to 36 times. Electrodes are connected to the skin and an electrical current is delivered through the device in a therapeutic way, causing the muscles to tighten and tone. The Russian current is characterized by asymmetry, low frequency, low voltage and low intensity. His work is designed to tone the muscles and improve blood circulation in areas of cellulite and fat.
In Europe, the 50 Hz standard was chosen (“golden mean”!), The Americans adopted the 60 Hz standard - arc lamps worked more stable at this frequency. More than a century has passed, arc lamps have become a rarity, but the standards have remained - and this difference of 10 Hz has practically no effect on the performance of electrical equipment. Much more important is the voltage in the electrical network - in many countries it is about half as much as in Russia! And the frequency... in Japan, for example, a third of the prefectures have a standard of 60Hz, and the remaining two-thirds have a standard of 50Hz.
This indicates muscle flaccidity, the need to improve blood flow and circulation. Number of sessions: 10 sessions. Contraindications: cardiac congestion, pacemaker patients, vascular diseases such as phlebitis, embolism, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, pregnant women, hyper and decompensated hypotensive, infectious and inflammatory processes, cancer, chronic renal failure, lung diseases such as emphysema, epilepsy, regions of dermatitis or dermatoses and muscle damage.
Initially, the Russian current was used to restore the muscles of astronauts served for long periods of absence of gravity. Thus was born the so-called "Russian Current", which was proposed and used by Dr. Yakov Kots, a physical education teacher in charge of training Russian astronauts. Since then, further investigation into the calling of the roller chain has led researchers to perfect this current, given that it has been used in young, healthy and well-trained individuals, and the light of further information has been gained through improvements in physiology and electrophysiology.
Can? Can!
We can safely say that the performance of household appliances does not depend on the frequency of the power supply. From the point of view of physics in general and electrical engineering in particular, this is quite obvious: at the shaft of a 60 Hz AC electric motor connected to a 50 Hz network, the rotational speed will decrease by only a few percent; slightly reduce the power of the electric motor itself. In other words, it will work in a gentle mode - in the same, for example, cold-pressed screw juicers, this is only for the better.
It can increase not only maximal stimulated strength, but also voluntary strength, movement speed, and muscular endurance. Currently, electrical stimulation is used at the end of an exercise program, and in the last 10 years we have seen the ability of skeletal muscles to change their functional properties in response to prolonged low frequency electrical stimulation.
Low frequency stimulation occurs when the current impulse depolarizes the nerve fiber. The pulse repetition rate can be up to 000 Hz. The impulses can be in one direction - single-phase - or in both directions - two-phase. The impulses used to stimulate the muscles through the motor nerve with a frequency of 30 Hz to 100 Hz can be called faradic impulses used for innervated muscles.
In devices with DC motors, the frequency of the supply network does not play any role at all - the rectifier diodes installed in the power supply can handle voltage of any shape and "hertz". The difference in the magnitude of the rectified voltages arising due to a change in the frequency of the supply network will be simply scanty; in addition, the rectified voltage is usually stabilized by the electronic "stuffing" of the device.
Stimulation considered as average has pulse repetition rates greater than 000 Hz. At this frequency, each phase of the current cannot stimulate a nerve impulse because subsequent impulses fall off during the refractory period. Common methods for repolarization of the neural membrane are amplitude modulation or interruption. Russian currents consist of a uniform alternating current of average frequency of 500 Hz, applied as a series of separate frames. Thus, there are 50 periods of 20 ms, consisting of 10 ms and a 10 ms interval.
All of the above is absolutely true for household appliances that have a built-in or external switching power supply. The situation is even simpler if the power supply includes a conventional step-down transformer - its output characteristics change slightly from changes in the voltage frequency in the primary winding. The performance of another type of device - heating - does not at all depend on the frequency of the supply network, for such devices the magnitude of the mains voltage is much more important ...
Each 10ms trip contains 25 AC cycles, i.e. 50 phases of 0.2ms duration. Interdifferential currents create two medium frequency currents that are slightly different from each other, but interfere with each other. Thus, a new resultant current is created. The resulting amplitude at any given point is equal to the sum of the amplitudes of the two separate flows, such that when two peaks or two troughs coincide, they get larger, but where the peak and match are depressions, they cancel out.
High frequency currents of millions of hertz cannot stimulate nerves or muscles because they change too quickly and are used therapeutically. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is a strengthening method based on the stimulation of intramuscular motor neurons that induces muscle contraction, is used in rehabilitation for the treatment of malnutrition, elasticity, contractures and strengthening, as well as training programs in athletes, isometric torque.
Can! Just ... carefully!
Appliances designed to be powered by a 60 Hz mains supply can be safely connected to a 50 Hz mains supply. This, by the way, is confirmed by one not too well-known fact: if you open some rather old device with an electric motor - a vacuum cleaner, a hair dryer, a mixer, a cold-pressed juicer - and carefully read the inscriptions on the nameplate of the engine, you can see: "mains frequency ... 50-60 Hz"! The frequency of 60 Hz is used in technology from Korea, USA, Japan and some other countries. Therefore, if you ordered, for example, a juicer from Korea, now you know that even though its operating frequency differs from our networks, you can connect the device!
Another important piece of information about electrical stimulation is that the literature points us to studies that have used devices called "Russian current apparatus" with wavelengths up to 500 Hz. We must observe the frequency, measured in Hz, at which significant results are obtained.
Kitchen and Bazin state that the increase in strength was obtained from low frequency electrical stimulation, but they agree on the lack of research on aesthetics with electrical stimulation. Designing resistance training programs. Human kinetics.
In fairness, it should be noted that there is still a type of electrical appliances that it is better not to include in the domestic electrical network - this is electrical equipment that uses a single-phase asynchronous motor. And the point here is not even that for such electric motors, the rotation speed does not depend on the frequency of the supply network, but on the load applied to the shaft - the fact is that, due to the principle of their operation, asynchronous electric motors are very sensitive to the frequency of the network at start-up. Designed for 60 Hz, the "asynchronous" at 50 Hz simply will not start ... For example, the same juicer from Korea may have the same 60 Hz in its characteristics, but if it has a different type of engine, then be prepared for the fact that the device will not turn on. The same applies to any equipment from Korea, Japan, USA.
This is a question that people sometimes forget, as it mostly resonates with those who settle in for a longer period of time, although they are affected by the issue of electrical outlets. as in the other. Use your everyday items as you travel through the archipelago and deliver Japanese goods home. That is why we stop here on this important topic to keep you updated!
Plug type, volts and hertz
Japanese Type A catches: flat and parallel plugs similar to those found in the United States. AT different countries The world does not use the same voltage. While Europe fluctuates between 220 and 240 volts, Japan turns around from 100 to 130 volts, as in North America.
Here's what else you need to pay attention to when choosing equipment from Korea, Japan, Taiwan, the USA and a number of other countries - the requirements for the magnitude of the supply voltage! In many countries that produce equipment (Korea, Japan, etc.), the power grids have an operating voltage of 110 V, and not 220, as we have. You can turn on a device designed for 110 V without a transition transformer only once - the first and last ... at best, the device will “burn out”, at worst, it will explode right in your hands! Therefore, if the juicer is from Korea or another country, and has an operating voltage of 110V, then such a device is not suitable for our networks. When choosing a cold-pressed juicer, pay attention to the operating voltage of the device - it must be 220V!
Adapter or transformer?
At the hertz level, it is a little more difficult in the archipelago: both in the north of Japan at 50 Hz, and in the west and south at 60 Hz. This difference has almost no effect today, almost everything is compatible, but it will probably allow for the funniest smiles of gamers of the year. These two conditions must be clearly distinguished in order to determine your need. The current transformer is used to control the device with voltage not compatible with foreign country. However, most transformers do not have an adapter, which is a small lug for connecting a device from one form of plug to another form of connector.
Equipment for Russian networks
For those for whom our article did not seem convincing, there are analogues of the most popular equipment on the market, created specifically for Russian conditions. This technique is represented by a brand with a large assortment of innovative technologies for life. High power, new generation cold pressed, and more can be purchased without fear that there will be a mismatch with the local power grid. The products of this brand have the best value for money, and also offer solutions for the private segment and for small businesses.
