The stylistic role of synonyms. The emergence and stylistic role of synonyms

09.09.2020

Synonymy is one of the brightest manifestations of systemic relations in vocabulary. Words that are similar in their emerging associations and the proximity of the designated concepts enter into synonymous relations. This feature is not inherent in all words of the Russian language. So, proper names, names of countries, cities, towns and their inhabitants, many specific names of household items, word-terms do not enter into such relations (although there are many exceptions in this area).

In modern linguistic literature there is no unity of points of view on the synonym. The main questions about the nature of synonyms, about their function in language and speech are controversial. The concept of "synonym" is interpreted differently.

In the traditional understanding of synonyms as words that are close or identical in meaning, the most accepted point of view is that considering synonyms as words denoting the same concept, but differing in shades of meaning or in expressive and stylistic features.

Synonyms arise as a result of various processes occurring in the language. The main ones are:

) "Splitting" of one lexical meaning of a word into two or more, that is, the transformation of an unambiguous word into a new, polysemantic word. At the same time, the developed new meanings can be synonymized with the meanings of other words that exist in this language. So, in the post-revolutionary period, the word "layer", in addition to direct meaning"a thin layer, a strip between layers of something" (a layer of cream in a cake), a figurative meaning has developed - "a social group, part of society, an organization." In this new meaning, the word "layer" entered into synonymous relations with the words group, layer;

) The discrepancy between different meanings of the same word, leading to the loss of the semantic connection between them. As a result, each of the homonyms that arise in this way has its own synonymous rows. So, the adjective dashing, which already had several meanings in the Old Russian language, gradually began to denote two completely different qualities:

a) "bad, difficult, dangerous" (dashing time);
b) "brave, selfless" (dashing cavalryman).

The homonyms dashing (1) and dashing (2) that arose in this way are included in different synonymic series:

Dashing (1) - evil, heavy;

Dashing (2) - brave, daring, valiant.

) Borrowing of foreign words that are close in meaning to the original words of the Russian language, as a result of which synonymous series and pairs of words may arise: region - sphere; universal - global; preliminary - preventive; prevail - prevail.

) The appearance of synonymic pairs as a result of word-formation processes that are constantly taking place in the language: digging - digging; piloting - aerobatics; timing - timing; faceting - faceting; equipment - equipment.

Synonyms differ from each other either by a shade of meaning (close), or by stylistic coloring (unambiguous, i.e. identical), or by both. For example: ruddy - pink, pink-cheeked, pink-faced, red-cheeked; neighborhood - circle, districts (colloquial); premature - early, untimely. The former differ mainly in shades of meaning. In the next two synonymous rows, along with semantic differences, there are also stylistic and stylistic differences.

Depending on the semantic or functional-stylistic differences, three main types of synonyms are conventionally distinguished:

) ideographic (gr. idea - concept + graph? - record), or actually semantic;

) style (as related to one of the functional styles);

) actually stylistic (i.e., those in the meaning of which there are additional evaluative and expressive shades).

The last two types are usually closely related to each other (cf., for example, synonyms for the interstyle and stylistically neutral word life: colloquial life, common-colloquial, family life-life and common-colloquial, predominantly neglected being ). Consequently, belonging to a style is often clarified by indicating an additional appraisal or connotation, i.e. stylistic characteristic. Such synonyms are often also called semantic-stylistic, since they all have differences in meaning (note that this also explains the relative conventionality in distinguishing these types of synonyms).

The emergence of synonyms of the above types in the language is due to a number of reasons. One of them is the desire of a person to find some new features in an object or phenomenon of reality and designate them with a new word, similar in meaning to the already existing name for this object, phenomenon, quality (cf., for example, the use of the words hearing, rumor, news, news, message and others to refer to one concept).

Synonyms appear in the language in connection with the penetration of borrowed words that are close or identical in meaning to Russian (cf., for example: conductor-guide, chicherone; germ - embryo; introduction - preamble, etc.).

Sometimes words that are close in meaning appear in the language due to the fact that in different expressive-stylistic groups of words, in different styles of speech, the same object, the same phenomenon can be called differently. So, the words eyes, hands, goes, this one, in vain and others are commonly used. In sublime speech, in poetic speech, their synonyms can be the words eyes, hands, outdated for the modern Russian language, coming, this, in vain. For example, A.S. Pushkin, we observe the use of synonyms for eyes - eyes: "No, not agate in her eyes, but all the treasures of the East are not worth the sweet rays of her midday eye ...".

To reduce the style, some of them in colloquial everyday speech are replaced by synonyms of a colloquial or dialectal nature: eyes - peepers, eyeballs, balls, etc .; hands - paws; goes - stomps. For example, F.I. Panferov we find: "Markel pointed to his eyes with his finger: - He himself has a peeper."

Separate commonly used words can have as synonyms word combinations that convey their meaning phraseologically, for example: died - ordered to live long, departed to another world, left this vale, etc. For example, A.S. Pushkin:

Is your bear healthy, Father Kirila Petrovich?

Misha ordered to live long, - answered Kirila Petrovich.

He died a glorious death.

Synonyms also arise when an object, sign or phenomenon of reality is given a different emotional assessment (cf. cruel - ruthless, heartless, inhuman, fierce, ferocious, etc.).

Synonymous in modern Russian are not only individual words, but also individual phraseological turns.

Synonymy is closely related to the phenomenon of polysemy. For example, the word quiet has several meanings, and each of them can have its own synonyms. So, in the phrase "quiet sleep" its synonyms are - calm, serene, but these words cannot replace the word quiet in combination with the word man. Synonyms for him in the phrase a quiet person are - inconspicuous, modest; in the phrase, a quiet voice is weak, barely audible; in the phrase "quiet ride" the adjective quiet is synonymous - slow, calm, etc. The word profit also has several synonyms: profit, profit, profit. However, it is not always possible to replace this word with any of the indicated synonyms. So, in the phrase "Prokhor Petrovich, meanwhile, made a semi-annual calculation of turnover. The balance showed profit" the word profit cannot be replaced, for example, with the words profit, profit or benefit, since the meaning of the whole phrase will be distorted; the word profit in this context is stylistically the most appropriate and accurate.

In context, words can be interchangeable with synonyms (for example, gaze - look; pedestal - pedestal; calm - calmness; giant - giant, colossus, giant, titan, etc.). However, words grouped in a common synonymous series cannot always be interchangeable (see the example with the words profit - profit, profit, etc.). Synonymous words have one, as a rule, stylistically neutral core (main) word in the synonymic series, which is usually called a dominant (Latin dominans - dominant). Such is, for example, the verb to speak in relation to words stylistically colored - to say, utter, grumble, etc.

The synonymic possibilities of the Russian language are varied; synonyms can be heterogeneous words (greatness - grandiosity; blizzard - blizzard, snowstorm) and single-rooted (greatness - majesty, majesty; blizzard - blizzard; unprincipled - unprincipled). In a synonymic series, along with individual words, combinations of official and significant words can be combined (in spite - in spite; anonymous - without a signature), words and terminological combinations of words (aviation - air fleet; dentist - dentist), etc.

Along with general literary, accepted, usual (Latin usus - custom) synonyms in the process of use in speech (especially in the language of fiction), words that in ordinary use have nothing in common in their meaning act as synonyms. For example, in the sentence: "A ruddy girl came out and knocked a samovar on the table," the word knocked is synonymous with the word set, although they are not synonymous in the general literary language. Such use is called occasional (lat. occasional - random), due to the individual selection of words only for a given context. For such words, stable consolidation of synonymous meanings in the language system is not observed. They are not reflected in dictionaries.

By the number of words, the synonymic rows are not the same: some have two or three words (marriage - matrimony; authority - weight, prestige), others include a large number of words and phrases (win - overcome, smash, defeat, overcome, break, overpower, triumph, overpower, cope, take over, win, etc.).

The role of synonyms in speech is exceptionally great: they help to avoid unnecessary repetitions of the same word, more precisely, convey thoughts more clearly, allow expressing the variety of shades of a particular phenomenon, quality, etc.

Thus, synonyms are used in the language for the following purposes:

to clarify thoughts;

to highlight the most important semantic shades;

to increase the figurativeness and artistic figurativeness of speech;

to avoid repetitions, inaccuracies, mixing words from different styles, language clichés and other stylistic mistakes in speech.

Synonyms are the basis for creating antithesis - a stylistic device of contrast, opposition. Here is how, for example, the synonymic chains future - future, future - tomorrow; miserable - worthless are used in the following passages:

And we call the future the future, because the coming day is not tomorrow (B. Slutsky)

Sheer contempt for yourself! Pitiful is the one who experiences it too often. Insignificant is the one who has never experienced it in his life (V. Tendryakov).

Synonyms are recorded in special dictionaries - dictionaries of synonyms. In Western Europe and America, synonym dictionaries have long occupied an honorable place among the most essential reference books for every writer. There, the study of synonyms has long been included, as one of the most important subjects, in the school curriculum for the study of the native language, for it is impossible not to see that nowhere is the richness and flexibility of the language so sharply affected as precisely in synonyms.

In Russia, at present, there are not enough dictionaries of synonyms.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

Institute of Parliamentarism and Entrepreneurship

Department of Journalism

Specialty "Journalism"

COURSE WORK

in the discipline "Stylistics of the Russian language"

Stylistic functions of synonyms in journalistic texts

Introduction

Chapter 1 Synonymy of the Russian language

1.2 Classification of synonyms

1.3 Functions of synonyms

1.4 Stylistically unjustified use of synonyms

Chapter 2 Functioning of synonyms in journalism, relationship with newspaper genres

2.1 Refine function

2.2 Substitution function

2.3 Clarification function

Conclusion

Applications

Introduction

The course work is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of synonymy in journalistic texts. The topic - the stylistic functions of synonyms in journalistic texts - is very relevant at the present time, since synonyms are a means of expressing the thoughts and feelings of a modern person in all their diversity. And this is very important for a journalist, especially one practicing in print media. The transmission of the dynamics of the event, descriptions, richness, accuracy and completeness of the transmitted information - all this requires the use of all the possibilities of the word.

Synonymy is a fairly well-studied phenomenon; the composition of synonyms of the Russian language has been studied for more than 200 years. Meanwhile, this issue remains relevant, since accurate, stylistically correct use of words is extremely important for a journalist. Synonymy itself is multifaceted and multifunctional, which, to some extent, explains the disagreements that arise around synonyms and their interpretation. Scientists, for example, are still arguing about which words are considered synonyms, how to classify them, what criteria of synonymy are decisive. At the same time, diverse and often conflicting opinions are expressed.

The aim of the work is to study the functions of synonyms in journalistic texts. The tasks are to consider the stylistic features of synonyms, to study the phenomenon of synonymy on the practical material of Belarusian publications, as well as to consider a number of possible problems that arise when using synonyms.

The object of the study is the synonymy of the Russian language, and the subject is synonyms in journalistic texts of different genres.

The scientific novelty of this work lies in the fact that the phenomenon of synonymy in journalistic texts has been studied very narrowly, while in works of art this topic is disclosed quite widely. synonymy Russian journalistic text

It is also advisable to consider the stylistic errors that are made in journalistic texts, since it is easiest to study the functioning of synonyms using examples of errors.

Chapter 1. Synonymy of the Russian language

1.1 The concept of synonymy of the Russian language

Words in a language are combined into various lexico-semantic groups that form a complex system. Synonyms are one of the links in this system.

Synonyms- words denoting the same concept, therefore, identical or close in meaning.

There is a different understanding of synonymy - a narrow one, recognizing only identical words as synonyms, and a wide one, according to which all words that are close in meaning are considered synonyms.

The concept of a synonymic series is of great importance. A group of synonyms, united by a common main nominative meaning, forms a synonymic series - a unit of systemic vocabulary from the point of view of synonymy. As you know, any word is always included in a group of words related to it by semantic similarity. One word, as a rule, does not exhaust the concept it expresses, it denotes only a part of the semantic field. The group of synonyms forms a system of shades of the same concept.

Synonymic series This is also the way of language development. A synonym connects linguistic facts in time, in local and social variants. Words obsolete and new, dialectal, vernacular and slang find their place in the synonymic row. The synonymic series connects both what is accepted by the general language norm and what was born in individual creativity. The synonymic series embodies the diversity and unity of the literary language.

The stylistic system is largely a stylistic synonym. A good command of the language is one who for each concept knows all its possible expressions, suitable and unsuitable for certain conditions of speech. First of all, he must know words - stylistically neutral designations of concepts and their synonyms with a generalized genre (functional) coloring, synonyms with positive and negative connotations. Then you need to know the various designations of the concept within the framework of synonyms with a positive connotation, their differences in shades and the expediency of choosing one or the other in specific speech conditions. The same applies to words, expressions with a negative stylistic coloring. If a native speaker is well aware of such differences in relation to thousands of words, then this is a reliable guarantee of stylistically correct speech. You just need to learn how to use all this knowledge in practice - diversely and accurately. Bringing from memory into speech a stylistically suitable word - suitable specifically for a given speech situation, in accordance with the accepted standard of style and other conditions, in accordance with your personality, you form your speech work in this style, using the synonym as a style-forming and (more broadly ) as a stylistic device. Any, including the most private, style of speech has its own style-forming means in the language system and rejects, alienates from itself the rest, foreign ones. Style formation is the choice of words of the desired style from the synonymic rows of the language and their speech combination according to the style-forming rules of this style, filling them with the corresponding syntactic structures, which are also selected from among the stylistically synonymous and meeting the norms of this style.

The use of synonyms in journalism, especially in the newspaper, is characterized by a focus on expression, the desire to diversify speech, avoiding annoying repetitions. All this naturally leads publicists to use all possible resources of synonymy. In addition, more and more new contextual synonyms, various paraphrases are being invented as synonyms for commonly used words and terms (oil is black gold; forest is green gold; doctors are people in white coats; medical care is a health service, etc.). d.). Often, within the same text, a whole synonymous series is built (it may consist not only of lexical units, but also phraseological units and periphrastic turns of speech): Note that the synonymy here is rather conditional, narrowly contextual.

1.2 Classification of synonyms

There are different classifications of synonyms. Given the semantic and stylistic differences of synonyms, they are divided into several groups: 1) semantic (ideographic), 2) stylistic and 3) semantic-stylistic.

I. Semantic, or ideographic, synonyms differ in semantic shades. Among ideographic synonyms, full, or absolute, synonyms stand out. There are very few such synonyms in the language. Usually these are foreign words equivalent to Russian. Absolute synonyms are usually not retained in the language: they are either differentiated by meaning and style, or one of the synonyms goes out of use, passing into the passive stock of the dictionary.

Ideographic synonyms often differ in subtle shades of meaning. Some ideographic synonyms are differentiated by semantic compatibility.

II. To stylistic refer to synonyms that have the same meaning, but differ in stylistic coloring. Among them there are two groups:

a) synonyms belonging to different functional styles;

b) synonyms belonging to the same functional style, but having different emotional and expressive shades.

III. Semantic-stylistic synonyms differ both in meaning and in stylistic coloring.

The most important condition for the synonymy of words is their semantic proximity, and in special conditions - identity. Depending on the degree of semantic proximity, the synonymy of words can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent.

In modern lexicology, clarity has been achieved in determining the chronological boundaries of synonymy. When establishing synonymic relations, it is necessary to take into account the synchronism of the lexical units under consideration. The allocation of so-called contextual, or functional-speech, synonyms, which include words that are close in meaning only in a certain context, is rightly criticized.

1.3 Functions of synonyms

Synonyms perform diverse in speech functions:

1. Synonyms are used in speech to clarify thoughts. The use of synonyms that complement each other allows you to more fully express the idea. One of the synonyms in such cases may be accompanied by words emphasizing its meaning. Words that are close in meaning and do not belong to synonyms also help to diversify speech. The need to avoid repeating words especially often arises in the transmission of dialogue. Various verbs are used to indicate the fact of speech. Choosing new words to denote close concepts, the authors do not mechanically replace one word with another, but take into account their various semantic and expressive shades.

2. Synonyms perform the function of comparing concepts, while emphasizing differences in their semantics. In this case, the author draws attention to the differences in their semantics.

3. Synonyms are used to oppose concepts, which sharply highlights their difference, especially emphasizing the second synonym.

4. One of the most important functions of synonyms is the substitution function, which allows you to avoid the repetition of words. Unmotivated (without a special stylistic task) repetition of a word is a serious drawback that makes speech colorless, inexpressive, monotonous.

5. Synonyms are used to build a special stylistic figure - gradation, which is a combination of stringing synonyms, when each subsequent synonym enhances the meaning of the previous one. This use of synonyms serves to characterize the different shades of the phenomenon to convey the intensity of the action, the diversity of its manifestation. Very often, this widespread stylistic device is based on the desire to convey strong feelings and experiences. To create a gradation, you can use not only synonyms, but also words related by a commonality of meanings that do not reach synonymy.

6. Synonyms are also used in the clarification function. When using special vocabulary, foreign words, archaisms that may be incomprehensible to the reader, the author can explain them with synonyms. As a rule, highly specialized terms in popular science literature are explained by synonyms.

Synonymy creates ample opportunities for the selection of lexical means, but the search for the exact word costs the author a lot of work. Sometimes it is not easy to determine how exactly synonyms differ, what semantic or emotionally expressive shades they express. And it is not at all easy to choose the only correct, necessary one from a multitude of words.

There are a lot of synonymous pairs of words in the Russian language, one of which is native (by origin or form), and the other is of foreign origin, and there is a larger or smaller stylistic gap between these components of the pairs, which must be taken into account when choosing them. The choice of the foreign component of the pair gives the speech a slightly more bookish touch, while the iconic component pulls it into the conversational sphere.

It is also worth paying attention to the ratio of shades "neutral - elegant", when the words of the language enter into synonymous relations with paraphrases that become commonplace: middle-aged - not the first youth. Which one to choose, you need to decide according to the situation.

1.4 Stylistically unjustified use of synonyms

With all the wealth of synonyms that the Russian language has, the problem arises of choosing one, the only true and necessary one. As M. Koltsov rightly stated, there are no two words that mean exactly the same thing, every stylistically accurate choice of a word implies one and only one in a certain context.

The abundance of synonyms in the Russian language requires a particularly careful attitude to the word. Not owning the synonymous wealth of the native language, the writer cannot make his speech expressive, accurate. The poverty of the dictionary leads to the frequent repetition of words, to tautology, to the use of words without taking into account the shades of their meaning.

The day of the author and editor is important not so much what unites synonyms as what separates them, which makes it possible to distinguish correlative speech means from each other, because from many words that are close in meaning, it is necessary to choose the only one that in this context will be the best

The reason for the stylistic errors of the syllable is very often an unsuccessful choice of a synonym.

Often, as a result of an inaccurate choice of a synonym, lexical compatibility is violated. The cause of lexical errors is not synonyms as such, but the inability to use the expressive possibilities of linguistic synonymy. Often one has to observe the incorrect use of synonyms in the text.

If the speaker finds it difficult to give an exact definition of a particular concept, an unjustified stringing of synonyms may arise that express an idea approximately, generating speech redundancy. Such use of synonyms testifies to the helplessness in dealing with the word, the inability to accurately express the thought; behind verbose sentences lies not at all complex truths.

Stylistic editing of sentences, in which the unjustified use of synonyms creates pleonasms, most often comes down to the elimination of speech redundancy.

A heap of synonyms and words close in meaning, which otherwise could enhance the expressive coloring of speech, with their inept, chaotic arrangement, gives rise to speech redundancy; "clarifying" definitions, destroying the gradation, create illogicality and comicality of the statement.

Chapter 2. The functioning of synonyms in journalism, the relationship with newspaper genres.

The most common stylistic functions of synonyms will be considered on the example of journalistic texts taken from the printed media. These are the newspapers “Minskaya pravda”, “Komsomolskaya pravda in Belarus”, “SB. Belarus Today”, “Zhenskaya Gazeta”. Also, during my internship at Belorusskaya Niva, I wrote materials on the example of which the principles of choosing a particular word will be considered.

In this chapter, each function will be considered with specific examples, and the relationship between the frequency of use of synonymous substitutions and the genres of journalism will be considered.

2.1 Refinement function

For the author of any journalistic text, it is fundamentally important to master the language perfectly, because each situation described in the material requires an accurate choice of words. You can't write in a pattern. Each word of the synonymous series differs from others of the same series by an additional shade of meaning, which must be taken into account in order to express thoughts with the greatest accuracy. The surrounding phenomena and objects, their properties, qualities, actions, states are recognized by us with all their features, the concept is called the word most suitable for expressing the desired meaning.

A note, a chronicle, an informational message is a brief information about current events. What is important here is not the artistic reflection of the fact that happened, but the accuracy and conciseness in its depiction. Here the author most often chooses a dominant from the synonymic series, i.e. a stylistically neutral word that expresses the "pure" meaning of the synonymic series without any additional connotations. This pattern can be traced in such headings as "In the center of events", "In a word", present in the publications "Minskaya Pravda" and "SB".

Here we can note the following constructions, indicating the most accurate expression of thought (Appendix 1):

· accurate blows by Vladimir Yurchenko (the blows are precise, not true and not well-aimed),

a charity concert-marathon will be held in Minsk (the word will be more neutral than the word will take place, the latter indicates the wide scope of the event),

took part in the solemn ceremony (the ceremony is solemn, it is a stable structure)

Petr Parkhomchik noted that the Chinese side is showing a very great interest in BelAZ vehicles (in this context, this word is in the same synonymous row with the words noticed, marked, told, but it is important that it was noted, which indicates the special importance of what was said information)

The main goal of the new project is to assemble machines (this word is in the same synonymous row with the words main, core, central, root. However, the word main fits best, because this means that the project has other goals, to some extent inferior in importance.)

Outlined priority tasks (this word is in the same synonymous row with the words outlined, planned, but the word outline is a stylistic dominant and has more specific meaning- there are no tasks in the plans yet, but they are outlined)

So, here we see a reflection of the most important function of synonyms - the exact expression of thought. It should be noted that all the examples given above are stylistically neutral, which is interconnected with the nature of the publications. Socio-political publications "Minskaya Pravda" and "SB" are designed for the general public and do not set the primary task of attracting the attention of the masses, which is typical for tabloids.

If we turn to a publication that has a reputation as a tabloid - Komsomolskaya Pravda, then there is a place to "embellish" any information to make it more attractive, with the desire to diversify speech, to avoid annoying repetitions. This applies to materials of different genres.

2.2 Substitution function

This function is one of the most important functions of synonyms for journalistic text. The repetition of the same word makes speech colorless, inexpressive. Here you can turn to Komsomolskaya Pravda, which colorfully describes any event. This function can be traced on the example of a reportage, which stands out in particular. In a reportage, it is important to convey the dynamics of the event, the mood, it is extremely important to create the effect of presence. Here, as in the commentary, information is presented with varying degrees of presence of the author's position. The alternation here of elements of an expressive and standardized plan, their transition into each other are designed to attract and maintain the interest of the reader. That is why the journalist tries to saturate his material with expressively colored words, avoiding clichés and dryness as much as possible (Appendix 2):

Large dot. She slowly approaches us. It's some kind of big ship. (The period can also be large, the choice of a synonym for large avoided unnecessary repetition of words)

· Three days ago, when the storm reached ten points, the plague of our campaign - seasickness - ruthlessly laid down half of the crew. Excruciating headaches dumped the sweet-voiced Filipina ... (These synonyms are distinguished by a bright expressive color: seasickness did not happen, but it was laid down and dumped)

· Also in the text there are contextual synonyms, sea plague, seasickness, excruciating headaches, insidious illness, which is also the right stylistic device and makes speech more diverse.

I will start a new, righteous life, I will visit my mother, I will see my son ... (these synonyms, in addition to replacing each other, also create the right mood. (Compare: I will visit my mother and son - I will visit my mother, I will see my son)).

2.3 Clarification function

In view of the fact that the clarification function is used most often for highly specialized terms, it is rarely found in journalism. The authors prefer not to resort to such terms, but to replace them immediately with a synonym that is more understandable to the reader and does not require clarification. However, there are the following options (Appendix 2):

· Three days ago, when the storm reached ten points, the plague of our campaign - seasickness - ruthlessly laid down half of the crew. (Contextual synonyms, in this form journalists can use this function in order to make the text expressive coloring)

2.4 Functions of gradation, comparison and opposition

These journalistic-style functions are used less frequently than those previously described. These stylistic devices are more characteristic of the artistic style. However, in a journalistic style, these techniques are still found (Appendix 3):

· Peter dragged Russia in a terrible, barbaric way. (gradation, here the words themselves are not synonyms, but they have a common meaning, it is important to note that words that do not reach synonymy are often used to build gradation)

In the context of the considered functions, attention should be paid to artistic and journalistic genres, and in particular to the essay genre, which is as close as possible to the artistic style. Here synonymy is used very actively. For example, an essay from the Women's Newspaper is taken. (Appendix 4). The author tried to give the text maximum expression. But this essay is not a positive example. It is full of synonyms, but these synonyms are often repeated, and so-called "stamps" are also found in the text. All this indicates a low level of linguistics:

· Twilight gently enveloped the city, plunging it into the wondrous charm of the evening. In the light of the lanterns, snowflakes flickered, falling to the ground and covering it with a delicate fluffy blanket. Tatyana wandered around the city, her head down, not noticing either the passers-by or this wondrous beauty. (In the following sentences, the same words are used, they should be replaced by synonyms. However, you should pay attention to synonyms that have a bright expressive color: enveloped, wondrous charm, flickered, wandered)

· Earring - her wonderful youngest son got married a month ago and left her. Yes, and Irisha - Seryozhkin's wife - is a wonderful, sociable and kind girl. When they left, Lisa was only four months old, and now such a wonderful big man was looking at her from a photo. (This word is often repeated in the text; to characterize people, you can easily pick up synonyms that characterize a person more accurately)

· Tatyana madly missed her little granddaughter Lizonka. (bright expression of expression)

So the years flew by.

· She hasn't changed much, her eyes have remained the same fervent.

· Lyubochka was chatting merrily with someone on the phone, laughing. The women hugged and chatted merrily about their lives. But Lyuba spoke almost all the time, she was always a very cheerful girl and could tell interesting stories for hours. (unnecessary repetition, should be replaced with synonyms)

Despite some stylistic remarks, the text is very close to the artistic style, and the synonyms are aimed at creating the right mood.

2.5 Mistakes in the use of synonyms

In journalistic texts of different genres, there are errors in the use of synonyms, which arise, probably, due to a careless attitude to the choice of a certain word, to its emotionally expressive coloring, due to the scarcity of vocabulary, inattention (Appendix 5):

Thank you for your great help and support

Here is a clear mistake that arose due to the speaker's desire to make the speech more saturated and convincing, which led to an unjustified stringing of synonyms, tautologies.

is a brand famous all over the world

In this context, the synonym is used incorrectly. It is necessary to replace either with a world-famous one, or choose a synonym - known all over the world, lexical incompatibility.

ь Belarus has been working with the corporation for 15 years already (this word should be replaced with the word cooperates, because it is stylistically correct in this way)

When developing the topic of this work, I turned to my journalistic texts published in Belorusskaya Niva. The replacement of one word with a synonym or synonymous constructions was used when writing materials on statistical data. In the material “While you pass, you suffer,” constructions were used, although they did not reach synonymy, but they carried a similar meaning - 7.4 percent. consider; 14.8 percent sure; 18.5 percent complained; 48.1 percent responded skeptically. (Annex 6)

Conclusion

The synonymy of the Russian language deserves great attention. This phenomenon is now poorly understood in relation to the journalistic style, which seems to be a mixture of expression and standards. The relationship between the genres of journalism, the nature of the publication and the saturation with synonyms is clearly traced.

So, informational and analytical genres are the genres that are least saturated with expression. In the center - the fact and analysis. By the nature of the use of language means, they approach the scientific and business style, possessing the features of factuality, documentary in the transmission of information. These genres are closest to the neutral language and least of all are saturated with synonyms. Language units are usually taken here in their direct nominative meaning, i.e. have only one level of understanding - semantic. Here, the main function of the used synonyms is accuracy in the transfer of information, specificity.

Artistic and journalistic genres, on the contrary, involve all linguistic means, including synonymy, for emotional impact on the reader. it allows maximum expressiveness. Here, in addition to the content level of understanding, characteristic of informational and analytical genres, a level of additional meanings, “connotations”, acquired in a broad context, is added. These genres are openly evaluative, brightly journalistic in nature and are aimed at agitational influence, in certain parameters approaching fiction. Synonymy acquires a pronounced expressive character here.

However, this line is very arbitrary. The modern trend in journalism is the mixing of genres. It is difficult to find now any genre in a "pure" form. Therefore, one can observe the interweaving of expression and standards in most newspaper articles.

List of sources used

1. Bragina, A.A. Functions of synonyms in modern Russian. - Moscow, 1979.

2. Golub, I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. Higher education. Edition six. - Moscow, 2005.

3. Kozhina, M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. 3rd edition, revised and enlarged. - Moscow, 1993.

4. Romanova, N.N. Stylistics and styles. Tutorial/ A.V. Filippov.- Moscow, 2009.

5. Dictionary of synonyms and antonyms / comp. O.A. Mikhailov. - Yekaterinburg, 2007.

6. Solganik, G.Ya. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. - Moscow, 2006.

7. Solganik, G.Ya. Stylistics of the modern Russian language and culture of speech: textbook. allowance for students. fak. journalism / G.Ya. Solganik, T.S. Dronyaev. - 2nd ed., corrected. - Moscow, 2004.

8. Stylistics and literary editing / ed. IN AND. Maksimova-Moscow, 2004.

9. Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book. Expressive means of the Russian language and speech errors and shortcomings / Ed. A.P. Skovorodnikov. - Moscow, 2005.

Attachment 1

In the center of events

Heat - the road

Social facilities in the Minsk region are already fully connected to heat sources.

As MP was informed in the department of housing and communal services of the regional executive committee, this list includes preschool, school, medical and preventive, medical and educational institutions, as well as social security institutions, museums and state archives.

The phased connection to the heat of the housing stock is being completed. There are no problems with this yet, with the exception of individual facilities in the Minsk and Smolevichi districts. However, even there, as communal officials assured, the issues will be resolved in working order.

Mikhail PETROVSKY.

Where is the best precinct?

The Department of Internal Affairs of the Minsk Oblast Executive Committee hosted an annual competition for the titles "The Best District Police Inspector of the Minsk Region - 2010" and "The Best District Police Inspector for Juvenile Affairs of the Minsk Region - 2010".

According to Alexander Danilchenko, head of the information and public relations department of the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Minsk Oblast Executive Committee, the participants in the event were employees of the regional internal affairs bodies who won first places in district reviews of district police inspectors.

According to the results of the competition, the senior district police inspector of the Vileika District Department of Internal Affairs, Militia Major Nikolai Myagkov, was recognized as the best district police inspector of the Minsk region in 2010. Second place went to the district police inspector of the Dzerzhinsky District Department of Internal Affairs, police captain Mikhail Sapunov. "Bronze" - at the district police inspector of the Chervensky District Department of Internal Affairs, police lieutenant Pavel Shinkevich.

The “gold” award in the individual championship based on the results of the competition of professional skills among district inspectors for juvenile affairs was won by the district inspector of the IDN of the Borisov District Department of Internal Affairs, police captain Andrey Gatsura, in second place was the district inspector of the IDN of the Myadel District Department of Internal Affairs, police lieutenant Victoria Tanana, in third place - district inspector IDN of the Smolevichi District Department of Internal Affairs, police captain Irina Papkovich.

Yesterday the winners received well-deserved awards at the meeting, dedicated to the work of district policemen of the Minsk region.

Victoria MOSKALENKO.

Review of the thrifty

Today, the Belarusian Energy and Environmental Forum begins its work in Minsk, in which enterprises and organizations of the capital region will take part. Among them is the flagship of the domestic industry - the Belarusian Automobile Plant.

According to Deputy Minister of Energy Yury Rymashevsky, the forum will be held from October 12 to 15 and will be a review of modern achievements in science, engineering and technology in the field of energy, energy saving, automation, electronics, and environmental protection.

The forum will also host the Belarusian Energy and environmental congress, which this year is held with the support of the Representative Office of the German Economy in the Republic of Belarus, the German-Belarusian Economic Club, as well as the German Embassy in Belarus. Guests from Germany will share their experience in using renewable energy sources. Special attention should be paid to the exhibition "EpegyExpo", which is attended by more than 300 firms, enterprises and organizations from 16 countries of the world - the leading Belarusian and world manufacturers of equipment, technologies and materials.

Mikhail DUBRAVIN.

Sliding in the dark

On the roads of the capital region at night, cases of collisions with pedestrians have become more frequent. In just one day, five people were injured in five road accidents, and one pedestrian died, the UGAI Department of Internal Affairs of the region reported.

On one of the streets in Borisov, a passenger car driver knocked down a local resident at a pedestrian crossing, and in Molodech, a seventh-grader got under the wheels of a car, suddenly running out onto the roadway. The injured were taken to the hospital.

The tragic incident happened in the evening in the capital. On the 27th kilometer of the Minsk-Grodno highway near the village of Gorani, a Dodge driver knocked down two people at an unregulated pedestrian crossing, one of whom died on the spot. After the collision, stopping, the driver ran along the road towards the traffic flow, waving his arms and trying to prevent a second collision with the victims, and only by a lucky chance did not end up under the wheels himself.

By the way, until October 13, the operation "Training Vehicle" continues in the metropolitan area. During special raids, the traffic police will check the technical condition and equipment of the training transport, preventing the facts of its misuse. The inspectors will also pay attention to the personal discipline of the masters of industrial driving training.

Alesya KASYAN.

By merit and honor

The Ministry of Sports and Tourism honored the women's basketball team, which was worthy of at least silver medals, but due to biased refereeing, took fourth place at the World Championships.

Minister of Sports and Tourism Oleg Kachan and First Vice-President of the National Olympic Committee of Belarus, Assistant to the President for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism Development Igor Zaichkov, congratulated the team and coaches on their successful performance, handing flowers, gifts and cash prizes to the players.

In addition, the women's team received $100,000 from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to prepare for the London 2012 Olympics. True, a ticket to the 2012 Games has yet to be won. And such an opportunity will be provided next year at the European Championships in Poland. It seems that a kind of gift for the athletes was the news that by 2014 a modern team sports center should appear in Minsk, in the spacious halls of which basketball players of the national team will also be able to train.

Igor Zaichkov also conveyed congratulations to the basketball players from the President of the country Alexander Lukashenko.

Grigory VASILEVICH.

BelAZ delivered more than $100 million to Kitaytechniki.

Since 2008, BelAZ has delivered to China over 200 pieces of equipment worth more than $100 million, BelAZ General Director Pyotr Parkhomchik told reporters, BelTA has learned.

Petr Parkhomchik noted that the Chinese side is showing great interest in BelAZ vehicles. The mining industry is actively developing in China, and this, in turn, requires an increase in the number of heavy-duty dump trucks. The Chinese market is supplied, in particular, mining dump trucks with a carrying capacity of 130 to 320 tons.

Taking into account the extensive experience in the Chinese market and the demand for the company's products, it was decided to open an assembly plant for Belarusian mining dump trucks and a service center here. As Petr Parkhomchik noted, the main goal of the new project is to assemble machines with a payload capacity of 25 to 55 tons, escort the machines, train Chinese specialists, as well as localize individual elements in order to reduce the cost of Belarusian mining dump trucks.

He stressed that the joint venture was created on the terms of equal participation of both the Belarusian and Chinese sides. Petr Parkhomchik emphasized that these were the first BelAZ investments in far-abroad countries.

Annex 2

As a traveler, Konyukhov and a KP correspondent, Meshkov almost fell prey to Somali pirates. Part 6

Correspondent of "KP" Alexander Meshkov went on a trip on the schooner "Saint Victoria" as part of a team led by traveler Fyodor Konyukhov

Summary of the previous parts The yacht "Saint Victoria" goes through the Indian Ocean, along the coast of Somalia. The ship's fuel is running low. The generator is out of order. Steering faults can cause the boat to capsize. Researcher of anomalous phenomena Leonid Gavrilov was injured in the cervical vertebrae. The Russian tugboat, which came out to escort the yacht through the dangerous area, cannot come close and provide assistance to travelers in distress due to a large wave. To save the yacht, captain Konyukhov decides to change the route, to go with a favorable wave into the open ocean. The radar of the SB-36 tug detects an unknown ship moving towards the yacht.

CHRONICLE OF THE PIRATE WAR

On August 31, the yacht "Saint Victoria" left the port of Victoria for the Indian Ocean. On September 3, the yacht passes the Somali coast. On September 3 - 4, the Chinese Armed Forces successfully repelled a massive attack by pirates on their convoy in the Gulf of Aden, which consisted of 21 cargo ships. The pirates attacked in three waves, a helicopter had to be lifted into the air from a Chinese landing ship. September 5th. Gulf of Aden. The Indian frigate INS Delhi spotted a suspicious dhow vessel approaching the convoy at high speed. The vessel did not respond to requests (didn't know the language?). A helicopter was raised into the air, and the frigate itself went to intercept the boat. 7 Somalis and 1 Yemeni were captured. A large number of weapons and boarding devices were found on the Somali ship.

SEA PLAGUE

We, too, already see a luminous dot on our radar. The dot is large. She slowly approaches us. It's some kind of big ship. Just in case, we put out all the lights. Unfortunately, we can not increase the speed to set the strekacha, the engine is running at its limit. An hour later, the guys from the tug SB-36 report: - Everything is fine, men! This is an Indian bulk carrier! A stone falls noisily from our shoulders. “It’s not in vain that I read the Akathist today,” Vlad smiles happily. Three days ago, when the storm reached ten points, the plague of our campaign - seasickness - mercilessly laid down half the crew. Excruciating headaches took down the sweet-voiced Filipina Carmen, depriving us of the soundtrack and hot food. We now eat exclusively dry biscuits and soda. The mighty titan Lenya Gavrilov does not get out of bed after accurately torpedoing the sofa with his head. The insidious disease did not spare even the hardy, seasoned hereditary Cossacks Vadim and Vlad. Tablets don't help. Vlad constantly reads Akathist, and the disease, he says, seems to have receded a little.

STORM AND IN THE TOILET - STORM!

My head and shoulder hurt, but not from seasickness. I injured those limbs by falling off the toilet seat while trying to awkwardly urinate in the latrine. Oh, gentlemen, if you only knew what acrobatic circus skill this simple and seemingly familiar process requires during a ten-point ocean storm! I was jumping on a recalcitrant toilet, clinging to the washbasin like a Texas cowboy on a rabid mustang, and yet I tipped over, got dirty in the products of my own life, if they were wrong, got scared and bruised my poor little head. Sometimes I was ready to cry from resentment and despair, like a female student deceived by a cornet. Sometimes, falling off the bed in the middle of the night onto the floor of the cabin, I catch myself thinking that I don’t feel like dying right now. There is still so much more to be done. Eh! Mother honest! Just to come back! (Now this is my favorite expression.) I will start a new, righteous life, I will visit my mother, I will see my son ... If only I could return. Only the tireless hard worker, mechanic James, golden hands, from time to time appearing from the engine room to give us coffee, with his usual bright smile, made me smile back and pretend that everything in this life is very excellent. James fixed the diesel, steering and water pump. With its help, we pumped the last remnants of fuel from the bottom of the barrels into the fuel tank. - Let's go to Oman! - Fyodor suddenly says decisively, showing a point on the map. - Fuel will be enough only to the port of Raisut. Otherwise, the ship will sink. You see how the mast tilted! That's how our plans sometimes change dramatically. We seem to be going to Greece.

SB-36 TEAM REQUESTS COMMUNICATIONS!

We have been traveling with a military convoy for three days now. From time to time we just talk with our sailors on the radio about the weather, about life, about the sea, about the house. - Guys! Do you have the opportunity to call my wife and say that everything is fine with us? - asks someone from the SB-36 team. - Otherwise, we have been hanging out in the Indian Ocean for half a year and cannot contact our relatives. Amazing stuff, friends! A military ship performs an important state, international task, ensuring the safety of the movement of ships. And such a joy necessary in a months-long campaign, how to talk with wives and children, is not available to the team. Poor sailors live at sea for half a year, isolated from their homeland. I sincerely feel sorry for them, and you? Only Fedor has a satellite phone on our yacht (this is not his personal phone, sponsored!). He does not goof, but, on the contrary, generously calls all the families of sailors and sends greetings. “We will have to tell Vadim Tsyganov so that when we return, he will certainly give them a satellite phone ... - said Fedor and wrote down this thought in a notebook.

Annex 3

(excerpt)

Edward RADZINSKY: "Richelieu was an oligarch, and d" Artagnan was a jailer

The romantic hero of Mikhail Boyarsky turned out to be far from his severe prototype...

Edward Stanislavovich, who writes large historical canvases about great people, has long become a large-scale writer himself - to match his "clients", as he sometimes mockingly calls them.

But here recently his new book "The Iron Mask and Count Saint-Germain" was published. And there, imagine, not about Stalin (Radzinsky's most beloved "client"), but about France - the 17th century, kings, ladies, pendants, garters, intrigues and swords. Fun, in general. And Radzinsky himself is also happy: the "corpses of dictators" tired him out, and he had already spent 13 years of his life on his last Stalin, and he created the "Mask" in one breath, and in general "it was like a love affair."

- The Iron Mask is not a history textbook. This is a novel. But historical. Within the facts. In this book, I meet a mystical man who takes orders to investigate the most famous mysteries of the past. A sort of Sherlock Holmes of history ... There are many versions of who was a prisoner of the Bastille with an iron mask on his face. And we, analyzing the versions, find ourselves in the 17th century. This "Sherlock" is not me, as you might think. He often says too controversial things, and his conclusions do not always coincide with mine. Monsieur Dumas, describing that time in The Three Musketeers, heard in the 17th century, first of all, the clang of the swords of the musketeers and guardsmen. But the famous philosopher La Bruyère, who lived in the 17th century, described something completely different: it is impossible to walk along the streets of large French cities, because you hear the same thing: “inventory of property”, “promissory note”, “protest of a bill”, subpoena and so on. Capitalism was coming. Money came to France. Ruthless, arrogant and omnipotent. Along with them appeared the oligarchs. The most famous - with a gigantic fortune - was Cardinal Richelieu. But he started out as a poor bishop. But when he died, his fortune was enormous. Even richer was Cardinal Mazarin. And then there were the richest financiers. They believed in their own power and that money decides everything. And they did not understand that in the country of Power, an oligarch is only an oligarch as long as the Power favors him, that is, the king. Such is the sad story of the most famous of the oligarchs - Fouquet. The historical Fouquet, who was deftly arrested by the historical d "Artagnan. Yes, the daring quencher was not only a musketeer, but also a skilled jailer.

Well, he's the last great king. He was not a fanatic, like the Great Peter. Peter dragged Russia in a terrible, barbaric way. Alexander II is a European ruler. In my opinion, after Catherine the Great - the only one. Alexander the Third is already degradation, preparation for revolution. And the unfortunate Nikolai, who was born for the beautiful family life but not for kingship.

What mystery in history shocked you the most?

I will answer you stupidly: what I am doing today. History of the Iron Mask. And, of course, the story of Stalin, the mystery of his death. When I found out that on the night of his death he ordered himself not to be guarded, and then it turned out that it was not he who ordered, but the senior guard conveyed his order to the rest of the guards. And that night it all happened! And then the guard died quickly - of course, it shocked me. And then a lot of strange coincidences begin. And, finally, my detailed conversation with Lozgachev (assistant to the commandant of Stalin's dacha in Kuntsevo. - Ed.), who found Stalin on the floor. The same Beria had no other choice, he was really doomed under the living Stalin.

You already promised a year ago to “let Stalin go” - to give the book to a publisher?

I hope to finish it just about - and these are three large volumes. And I will cease to be "the last victim of the cult of personality"! And after that I will go on a big trip around the world... Finally! Finally!

Appendix 4

Time to be happy

Twilight gently enveloped the city, plunging it into the wondrous charm of the evening. In the light of the lanterns, snowflakes flickered, falling to the ground and covering it with a delicate fluffy blanket.

Tatyana wandered around the city, her head down, not noticing either the passers-by or this wondrous beauty. She just walked and thought, thought ...

Earring - her wonderful youngest son got married a month ago and left her. He was completely absorbed in his new life and young wife. No. Tanya was not jealous, she knew that sooner or later this would happen. Yes, and Irisha - Seryozhkin's wife - is a wonderful, sociable and kind girl. But before they spent a lot of time together, but now they rarely come.

She had not seen Vladik, her eldest son, for two years, he was offered a good job in Germany, and he left with his family. They constantly called up, but so lacked live communication. Tatyana madly missed her little granddaughter Lizonka. When they left, Lisa was only four months old, and now such a wonderful big man was looking at her from a photo, Vlad promised to come to New Year, but he was never released from work.

Tatyana was infinitely happy for her sons, she lived her life only for their sake, trying to give them all the best to the best of her ability. Although from a material point of view she could not give them everything she wanted, but the children were very understanding of family difficulties and never demanded anything. The boys always helped their mother in any way they could.

Life has turned out like this. that Tanya raised the boys alone. When the younger Seryozha was born, her relationship with her husband completely fell apart, and they decided not to torment each other anymore. Tanya kept hoping for a long time that her husband would change his mind, realize that he could not live without his family and return. But this did not happen, neither in a month, nor in a year. And after some time he married a second time and almost completely forgot that he had children. Tanya then finally realized that all her hopes were in vain, and decided to live only for her beloved boys. She plunged headlong into work, eh. when she came home, she devoted all her time only to children. There were meetings in her life, but due to the lack of personal time, they did not lead to anything serious, and Tanya did not strive. She could not even imagine that she would bring a strange man to her house, she was very afraid that the children would not accept him or that he would not be able to treat them the way she would like

So the years flew by. Tanya lived in her own little world. She, of course, realized that something was missing in her life, but she reconciled herself and just lived.

And now she was walking all alone, and there was so much sadness in her eyes. Tanya glanced at her watch, and to her amazement it turned out that she had been walking for more than two hours. She was terribly cold, but she did not want to go home at all. To warm up, Tanya went to a cozy little cafe, where she often ran with her friends to chat and drink coffee.

She sat down at her favorite table, enjoying the warmth and enchanting aroma of pastries. Suddenly she noticed a woman at the next table, she seemed familiar to her, but Tanya could not remember how she knew her. She scrolled through all the possible options in her head and finally understood! This is Lyubochka! They studied together at the institute and had not seen each other for many years. She has not changed much, her eyes remain the same perky. Lyubochka was chatting merrily with someone on the phone, laughing. Tanya waited for her to finish the conversation and went to her table.

Love, good evening! I'm Tanya Sokolova, we studied together, remember?

There was a slight pause...

Yes, Tanya, of course I remember! - Lyuba said happily, - I'm sorry, I did not recognize you right away, you have changed a lot.

The women hugged and chatted merrily about their lives. But Lyuba spoke almost all the time, she was always a very cheerful girl and could tell interesting stories for hours.

Luba's phone rang. She apologized and said she would be back in a couple of minutes. Lyuba left the cafe, and Tanya watched her through a huge window. There stood a well-groomed, interesting woman with a perfect haircut, beautifully dressed and happy. Tanya was thinking about her life, when Lyuba ran into the cafe and said:

Can you imagine, it was Misha calling, Misha Ivanov! Well, remember? You also met at the institute! It turns out that he is returning from some kind of seminar and will be passing through our city the day after tomorrow, he offers to meet, asked to find everyone I can. Come on, Tanya, join in, everyone has not seen you for so long, and Misha constantly asks about you.

Why does he need to know about me? After all, he left then, but explained nothing, left me ... I don’t know if I can force myself to see him.

Tanya, he had good reasons to leave. You yourself know!

Yes, but I know nothing! He didn't tell me anything! He could call and explain everything. I really loved him...

Tanyusha, you definitely need to meet, - said Lyuba.

Here is my phone number, call me tomorrow and I will tell you where to come and at what time, I will try to find a cozy place for us.

I won't come, - said Tanya.

Don't say no now, please think!

Lyubochka put the money for coffee on the table, excused herself, and ran to the exit. There, a car was already waiting for her, from which an interesting man got out and opened the door for her.

Tanya looked after the departing car for a long time. She paid for her order and left the cafe. Once again plunging into her thoughts, she wandered home.

Throwing off her coat, Tanya began to examine herself in the mirror. It seemed to her that between her and Any huge gap of ten years, and yet they are the same age! Tanya in her youth was a very beautiful girl and was never deprived of the attention of the opposite sex. But Misha charmed her at first sight, although they began to meet only in their last year. They had a very beautiful relationship, and classmates admired this couple and sincerely rejoiced for them. Tanya and Misha even wanted to get married, but Mikhail unexpectedly left without explaining anything to his girlfriend. Six months later, Tanya married Vitaly, her housemate, who had long sought her attention. But she still loved Misha. Why did she do it? She couldn't even explain it to herself. Undoubtedly, Vitaliy was sympathetic to her, and she was grateful that he appeared in her life and that he gave her two beautiful sons.

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12. Stylistic functions of synonyms

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Lexical synonyms and synonymic means of other levels of the language form the basis of stylistics. The language has many words, grammatical forms and syntactic constructions that are similar in meaning, providing the opportunity to choose the most accurate language unit that corresponds to a given style, genre, speech situation, etc. (Compare, for example, phraseological units between two fires, between a hammer and anvil, between Scylla and Charybdis). The slightest, subtlest shades of meaning or coloring of a word can create a holistic and sublime idea of the subject of speech, or, on the contrary, destroy this image and cause a negative attitude towards it. Therefore, it is so important to be able to choose from the whole huge arsenal of speech means the only necessary, most accurate and appropriate in this case. This problem is always very acute for the speaker, and everyone solves it in his own way: depending on general erudition, depth of intellect, linguistic taste, moral qualities, etc. The "torments of the word" are especially well known to the masters of its artistic use - writers and poets, who also do not always immediately find the most accurate equivalents of their thoughts and feelings. For example, A.S. Pushkin, describing Dubrovsky's impression of meeting the hostile Troekurov, replaced the words vicious and enemy in a sentence Noticed vicious his smile enemy more accurate synonyms poisonous and enemy. M.Yu. Lermontov in one of the parts of the novel "A Hero of Our Time" - the story "Princess Mary" - also replaces the adjective magnificent in a phrase I was standing behind one magnificent lady, overshadowed by pink feathers a harsher epithet thick , emphasizing his dismissive and ironic attitude towards the representative of the "water society".

Note. As you know, the problem of synonymy is far from being exhausted, although it has a long history, because. “Already in the most ancient collections of words, along with an explanation of obscure names, their synonymous replacements are given. In the XVIII century. the first special dictionaries of synonyms appear, for example, “The Experience of the Russian Soslovnik” by D.I. Fonvizin (1783)" (56, p. 46), and in recent decades, in connection with the study of the systemic organization of vocabulary, it has received more detailed development. In this manual, the names of the main types of synonyms are used based on their traditional classification.

In the popular book Speak Right, E.V. Yazovitsky accurately determines the reason for the coexistence in the language of words with similar meanings: “Reflecting the essence of some phenomenon (hurricane, typhoon, storm - storm) or object (luggage, burden, luggage - cargo), synonyms do not so much replace each other as they serve to clarification of thought or attitude to what is being discussed” (105, p. 225). Therefore, synonyms are rarely absolute (as linguistics - linguistics, here - here, everywhere - everywhere etc.) Usually synonyms differ either in shades of meaning (then they are called semantic), for example, the words storm, hurricane, storm have the general meaning "strong, destructive wind", but Hurricane- a very strong storm, and storm- storm on the sea, => storm – dominant given synonymic series (i.e. most accurately, semantically and stylistically neutrally expressing general concept word); or differ in stylistic coloring (they are called stylistic), for example: sleep(neutral dominant) - rest(bookish) - sleep(colloquial), or both signs (=> semantic-stylistic), for example: work - work hard(to work with great stress and a lot; colloquial word). All these differences must be taken into account with the correct word usage. Therefore, for example, the phrase My eyes hurt(instead of eyes) and, on the contrary, this word is quite appropriate in artistic speech - for example, in A. Fadeev’s novel “The Young Guard”: “She had not eyes but eyes"(About Ulyana Gromova). Eyes are big, bottomless eyes, a mirror of the soul (i.e. a semantic-stylistic synonym for the word eyes).

D.E. Rosenthal identifies the following functional and stylistic aspects of the use of synonyms in speech (see: 70, p. 71 - 72):

From the point of view of using in a particular style of language: go(neutral) - trail(colloquial) - march(book).

From the point of view of belonging to one or another group of vocabulary that is outside the literary language: talk(common) - chatter(dialect) - rattle(colloquial) - talk(from the thieves' slang).

In terms of attitude to the modern Russian language, for example: actor(active stock word) – actor(obsolete).

In terms of expressive-emotional: scoundrel(mean, low person) - scoundrel(mitigation of the sign; jokingly insulting. colloquial) - scoundrel(strengthening attribute; offend. Neutr.) - bastard and bastard(extreme degree of sign; swear words).

The existence of synonyms makes speech more flexible, expressive and diverse. The synonymous richness of the individual style of the artist of the word testifies to the high degree of his skill and ingenuity. Synonymy is the sphere of endless possibilities of speech creativity and the basis of various stylistic devices. First of all, synonyms help to avoid tautologies. This property of theirs has been known for a long time; it is used not only in copyright, but also in folklore works - for example, in a fairy tale: Tsar yearned… twirled Ivan Tsarevich, saddened… sat down on the soft grass and mourned ("Ivan Tsarevich and the Grey Wolf"). Skillfully used synonymous means of the language of the classics, for example, A.S. Pushkin in Lensky's speech: Someday|| Let's drop by to them; you will oblige them;||Otherwise, my friend, judge for yourself:||Twice dropped in, and there||Already to them and don't show your nose .

They help to eliminate the monotony of speech into only dictionary synonyms, but also contextual ones, for example, generic concepts instead of specific ones: Nicholas had scurvy. Disease was in a very difficult or When crossing the bridge carriages the wheel broke. Crew needed to be repaired.

When using synonyms that indicate a different degree of manifestation of a feature, it is recommended to arrange them in ascending order, for example: Today you read a poem Good, even Great, well just perfect! The gradation of synonyms is one of the most effective artistic techniques: I sometimes imagined that I see before me huge, gigantic spider, as big as a man (F.M. Dostoevsky); It seemed to me that my old love for the only land I I will intensify, I will strengthen, take it to the limit only by experiencing the despair of these barren spaces(K.G. Paustovsky)

Another well-known stylistic device is the opposition of synonyms. It has long been used in folklore ( Stingy looks like not to give to another, but greedy looks as if to take away from another; Slander and lies are not the same thing: False sometimes it’s simple, but slander always with intent), and in the speech of a speaker, publicist or artist of the word. Evaluate how skillfully K.S. used this technique. Stanislavsky, when he had to expose and ridicule the deliberate mannerisms of the actors:

To begin at least with the solemnly measured steps of the actors. After all, they are not walk, a parade on stage, not sitting, a sit, not lie, a reclining, not stand, a posing. The same thing happened with the movements, and with the general plasticity of the actors ... Do the actors raise hands on stage No. They them uplift. Actor's hands fall down, not just descend; they are not cuddle up to the chest and are assigned on her, not straighten up, a stretch forward. It seems that the actors arms, a rutsi, not fingers, a fingers to such an extent their movements are figuratively solemn.

Other examples:

But Alexander Ivanovich ate, a ate. He is not had breakfast, a performed the process of introduction into the body proper amount of fats, carbohydrates and vitamins(I. Ilf and E. Petrov);

And then a smile appeared on the lips of Mona Lisa, precisely a smile, not a smile (Yu. Nagibin).

In fiction, to make a statement more expressive, the method of stringing synonyms is often used. For example, M. Voloshin masterfully uses contextual speech synonyms:

It's over with Russia ... On the last

Her we chattered, chatted,

Slipped, drank, spat,

smutty in dirty areas.

sold out on the streets: is it not necessary

To whom the land, republics and freedoms,

civil rights? And the homeland of the people

He himself dragged out on the pus, like carrion.

Oh my God, unravel, unravel,

send fire on us, ulcers and scourges,

Germans from the west, Mongol from the east,

Give us into slavery again and forever

To redeem humbly and deeply

Judas sin until the Last Judgment!

Sometimes synonyms are used to make speech ironic, for example: On the street parade beggars, cripples, freaks(instead of the more appropriate colloquial verbs weaving, dragging or neutral go).

The abundance of synonyms in the Russian language requires a particularly careful attitude to the word. It is important to know not only what brings the synonyms together, but also how they differ, since from the many words close in meaning it is often necessary to choose the only one that in this context will be better and more accurate.

An unsuccessful choice of a synonym is the cause of a semantic or stylistic inaccuracy. For example, in one newspaper it was written : Now our press is introducing a significant space for advertising,and we don't impresses. In this case, instead of the word space it would be better to use its synonym place(edit options: Advertising takes up a lot of space in our print or Advertising has a significant place in our press). The word is a syno-lingual root impresses also requires a synonymous replacement : ... and we don't like it. Another example: instead of Catherine was staged to the throne better to say Catherine was enthroned or appointed to the kingdom.

Often, as a result of an inaccurate choice of a synonym, lexical compatibility is violated. Examples: Many animals in the desert rush hibernating(instead of fall into); Prince Andrei sincerely falls in love to Natasha Rostov(you can sincerely love, but falling in love - strongly, ardently, etc.); The old sailor went for a walk in his on the row tunic(it’s better to say about the tunic front door, and the look of a sailor can be elegant).

Often in speech there is an unjustified combination or stringing of synonyms, which leads to verbosity: Climb into the head sad and sad thoughts(union and instead of a comma); During the session, it is difficult for those students who have a lot ofpasses and absenteeism, gaps and incomplete current . Stringing synonyms can lead to errors in the construction of gradation. So, the famous Russian lawyer A.F. Kony, describing the performance of a bad speaker, gives an example: Gentlemen of the jury! The position of the defendant before committing the crime was truly infernal. It cannot be called tragic in the highest degree. The drama of the defendant's condition was terrible: it was unbearable, it was extremely difficult and, in any case, at least uncomfortable.

It makes perfect sense to end short review stylistic qualities of synonyms with three wise advice from the popular book of the famous linguist V.I. Kodukhov "Stories about synonyms":

There are three main rules for choosing synonyms.

The first rule says: choose a word that more accurately characterizes the phenomenon or action, object or person, emphasizing the side you need in it. For example, the word error means: wrong deed or action. However, the errors are different - error may be insignificant (then it is better to say error), extremely annoying (then they say blunder), random (this oversight), unintentional ( miss).

The second rule indicates: choose a word that best suits the style of your speech, your story, your speech. Remember how Mayakovsky uses words fatherland(not the usual motherland), praise(but not to praise), thrice(not the phrase three times) in order to make his statement sound ... more solemn and weighty: "I glorify the Fatherland, which is, but three times - which will be."

The third rule reminds: words not only name objects, events, but also evaluate them, expressing a positive or negative attitude towards them. Negative meanings are filled, for example, with the words clique and kicker, joke and irony - warrior, approval and admiration - eagle(about a brave man and bold). Do not forget: a word can inspire, but a word can also hurt (38, p.139).

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12. Stylistic functions of synonyms

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