Russian language punctuation analysis of sentences examples. Punctuation analysis of a sentence

The order of punctuation analysis

1. Simple sentence completion marks.
2. Separating signs in a simple sentence: between the subject and the predicate, a dash (if any); between homogeneous members there are commas (if any); before homogeneous members after the generalizing word, a colon (if any).
3. Signs of excretion during handling (if any).

Sample punctuation analysis

Along the mossy, muddy banks there were black huts here and there. (A. Pushkin)

Oral analysis

At the end of the sentence there is a completion sign - a period, since the sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory.

A comma is placed between the definitions mossy and muddy, since they are homogeneous and the connection between them is non-union. There is no comma between homogeneous circumstances here and there, since they are connected by a non-repeating conjunction and.

Written analysis

230 . Perform oral punctuation analysis of sentences.

1. The autumn wind rises in the forests,
   It moves noisily through the thicket,
   Dead leaves are torn off and having fun
   Carries in a mad dance.
2. Winter blizzards are the forerunners of spring.

231 . Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Perform oral punctuation analysis of sentences.

1. Bird voices rang everywhere in the field, in the forest, in the grove. 2. Something appeared from behind the clouds, but soon disappeared.. 3. Wasps and bumblebees take refuge in dry shelters. 4. How beautiful the autumn forest is. 5. Guys, have you ever seen the centuries-old mighty ship pine trees?

Punctuation analysis of sentences ensures better understanding by schoolchildren of punctuation rules. It is based on three sequential actions, ultimately leading to an explanation of the conditions for choosing a particular punctuation mark. For punctuation analysis, you need to know the parts of speech, be able to find the grammatical basis and minor members in a sentence, and also hear the intonation with which it is pronounced. Correct punctuation ensures accuracy and clarity of expression.

The order of punctuation analysis
The main punctuation marks studied in school and used for punctuation analysis are: period (it is from its Latin name “punctum” that the word “punctuation” comes from), comma, semicolon, question and exclamation marks, colon, dash, parentheses, quotation marks and dots.

Punctuation analysis begins with determining the nature of the sentence, which can be either simple or complex. Then one or more punctuation rules are established that operate in the sentence being analyzed. Each of them is subject to separate allocation. The result of punctuation analysis is a graphic diagram of the sentence.

How to perform punctuation analysis of a simple sentence?
A simple sentence in a diagram is indicated by square brackets, followed by one of five punctuation marks: a period, a question mark, an exclamation mark, an ellipsis, or a combination of a question mark and an exclamation mark.

The inside of the diagram shows a complication of a simple sentence. The grammatical basis is indicated by default.

1. Homogeneous members of a sentence are depicted in the diagram in the form of circles, inside which a graphic designation of a member of the sentence is placed. All members of a sentence can be homogeneous: subjects (one straight line), predicates (two straight lines), complements (one dotted line), definitions (one wavy line) and circumstances (dashed line with a dot between the lines). Along with them, the diagram indicates the punctuation marks and conjunctions related to them (conjunctive, adversative, comparative).
   Homogeneous members can be used in a sentence together with a generalizing word. In the diagram it is indicated by a circle with a bold dot inside.
   
2. Introductory words and phrases are depicted in the form of five small crosses, on top of which the inscription “vv.sl.” is placed, where “sl.” denotes both “word” and “phrase”. “Vv.pr.” is written above the introductory sentences.
   
3. The addresses on the diagram are reproduced in the form of a wavy line with the inscription “o.”
   
4. Interjections are written in the diagram with words (“alas”, “ah”, “Hurray!”, etc.).
   
5. To explain the placement of a dash between the subject and the predicate above the graphic representation of the grammatical basis, the part of speech and its grammatical form are indicated: “noun, ip.”, “noun. + noun”, “undefined f.gl.”, “number”, “noun. + number.” etc. The indicative words “this”, “here”, “means” are written in full on the diagram.
   The absence of a dash between the subject and the predicate should also be explained when analyzing the sentence punctuationally. In this case, it is enough to highlight the grammatical basis and those rules on the basis of which the dash is omitted: the presence between the subject and the predicate of a negative particle “not” or comparative conjunctions “as”, “as if”, “as if”.
   
6. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted in writing with punctuation marks and are divided into five categories:
   • Separate definitions are depicted in the diagram as one wavy line inside two slashes “/ ~~~/”.
     If a separate definition refers to a personal pronoun, then the latter is indicated on the diagram with the sign “x”, above which is written “l.m.” All other parts of speech are indicated on the diagram with a simple “x”.
     Above the definitions expressed by the participial phrase, the inscription “p.o.” is placed.
     Two or more isolated definitions are highlighted in the diagram as homogeneous (a wavy line in a circle). An arrow is drawn from the word being defined to them.
     Above the separate definitions with concessive and causal meanings, “established meaning” is indicated. and “prich.zn” respectively. In the diagram, such definitions are depicted by two lines: the lower one – circumstances, the upper one – definitions.
     Agreed and inconsistent definitions in the diagram are separated from each other and signed as “agree”, “disagree”.
     
   • Detached applications are depicted on the diagram in the same way as stand-alone definitions. They can refer to a personal pronoun (“l.m.”), a common noun (“common”) or a proper name (“proper”). Isolated applications with the conjunction “how” are highlighted in the diagram by the bottom line of the circumstance and the top line of the definition, above which is written “conditional sign.” or “sign.quality.”
     
   • Separate additions are indicated on the diagram in the form of ordinary additions with the words “except”, “instead”, “including”, “besides”, etc. relating to them.
     
   • Isolated circumstances are depicted on the diagram as a single dotted line with dots, enclosed in slashes. Above them it is indicated how they are expressed: a participle (“d.”) or a participle phrase (“d.o.”). An arrow is drawn to isolated circumstances from the word being defined.
     The circumstances expressed phraseological turn signed as "phraseol." They are not distinguished by punctuation marks in writing.
     Above the circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions, prepositions and prepositional combinations are written (“despite”, “provided”, etc.).
     
   • Clarifying members of a sentence are indicated on the diagram in the form of certain members of the sentence - definitions, circumstances, additions, etc. Each of them is asked a question to which they answer: “when?”, “what?”, “which?” and so on. In addition, the diagram indicates related conjunctions that explain words and phrases.
     
7. Comparative turnovers are highlighted in the diagram in the same way as isolated circumstances. The inscription “compare” is placed above them.
   

How to perform punctuation parsing complex sentence?
A complex sentence in the diagram is indicated in the form of simple sentences, depicted using square and round brackets.

1. In complex sentences, outside the square brackets denoting simple sentences that are equal to each other, connecting and disjunctive conjunctions are indicated along with punctuation marks. The general minor member or introductory word is also taken out of brackets and underlined either as a circumstance with the inscription “general.”, or as an introductory word.
   The placement of a dash between simple sentences is explained by the inscriptions “result”, “res.cm.d.” (sharp change in action), etc.
   
2. In complex sentences, the main simple clause is indicated by square brackets, and the dependent (subordinate) clause is indicated by round brackets. During punctuation analysis, conjunctions (“union”), conjunctive (“conjunct.sl.”) and demonstrative words (“ukaz.sl.”) are written and indicated on the diagram. Conjunctive words in subordinate clauses and demonstratives are mainly emphasized as certain members of the sentence.
   If there are several subordinate clauses, each of them is accompanied by an index arrow from the clause to which they are subordinated.
   
3. IN non-union proposals above punctuation marks connecting simple sentences, conjunctions that suit the situation are placed in parentheses.
   

How is direct speech formed during punctuation analysis?
In the diagram, direct speech is depicted by the letters “P” (direct speech, standing at the beginning of a sentence or being an independent sentence) and “p” (direct speech, standing at the end of a sentence). The author's words are indicated by the letters "A" and "a".
In writing and during punctuation analysis, accordingly, several options for formatting direct speech are possible:

1. Direct speech comes before the words of the author:
2. Direct speech comes after the words of the author:
   
3. Direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author:

   “P, – a, – p.”

   “P, – a. - P".

   "P? - A. - P".

   "P! - A. - P".

   
   

This article examined the basics of punctuation parsing sentences. We recommend supplementing your knowledge on this topic with the help of O. Ushakova’s book of the same name, “Punctuation Analysis of Sentences.” This small collection, written in a clear, accessible form, contains a large number of examples of punctuation analysis of sentences of different levels of complexity.

How to do punctuation analysis of a sentence in order to once and for all insure yourself against ridiculous mistakes while writing? If you remember the simple rules of the Russian language once and for all, you don’t have to worry about your reputation as a competent copyist. Children learn how to do punctuation analysis in the fifth or sixth grade, but over time the lessons are forgotten and they have to restore knowledge.

What is punctuation analysis of a sentence?

In fact, the answer to this question lies in the very name of the term. This is the division of a sentence into certain segments, which are separated from each other by punctuation marks, as well as finding out which punctuation marks are appropriate in a particular case. This is a detailed analysis of all the punctuation marks in a single sentence.

Correctly performing punctuation analysis of a sentence means not only correctly placing punctuation marks, but also explaining why this sign is placed exactly here. In order not to get confused and to do everything in order, you must follow a certain sequence of actions.

Action plan

Punctuation analysis of a sentence is done according to the following scheme:

Every schoolchild knows how to make a punctuation analysis of a sentence, but as we grow older, incoming information sometimes displaces such basic knowledge, and we forget about the simplest things. To restore your past experience, try doing a punctuation analysis using various text examples. This way you can always be confident in your impeccable literacy.

Scheme of punctuation parsing of a sentence:

Sample punctuation analysis of a sentence:

[Having asked, 1 ( which is quieter), 2 Pierre climbed onto the horse, 3 grabbed the mane, 4 pressed the heels of his inverted legs to the horse’s belly and, 5 feeling 6 (that his glasses were falling off) 7 and (that he can't take it away hands from the mane and reins), 8 galloped after the general, 9 exciting the smiles of the staff, 10 looking at him from the mound]. (L. Tolstoy)

Explanation of punctuation marks:

1) Period at the end of the sentence.

There is a period at the end of the sentence because it is a declarative, non-exclamatory sentence that contains a complete message.

2) Punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence.

This complex sentence with three subordinate clauses:

1 and 2 – commas highlight the subordinate clause within the main one;

6 and 8 – commas highlight subordinate clauses within the main clause;

7 – no comma is used, because homogeneous clauses are connected by a single connecting conjunction “and”.

3) Punctuation marks between homogeneous members of a sentence.

Isolation of circumstances and definitions:

3 and 4 – commas separate homogeneous predicates connected without a union;

5 – a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund;

9 – a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase;

10 – a comma separates a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase and standing after the word being defined.

The role of punctuation in our writing cannot be underestimated. Thanks to it, thoughts are structured and separated from each other in sentences, the intonation and emotions of the author are conveyed, the text becomes clear and understandable to any reader. In oral speech, all this is helped by intonation, pauses, and facial expressions, but punctuation marks come to the aid of written speech.

Features of punctuation analysis of sentences

Punctuation marks in sentences perform a wide variety of functions: dividing, semantic, and emphasizing. Very important we define signs at the end of a sentence, because they help us complete a thought, show intonation (question marks, exclamation marks), and without them the entire narrative would be one continuous sentence.

How does punctuation parse a sentence?

• first, we define and explain the sign at the end of the sentence, which will help us determine the general intonation (ellipsis, period, exclamation or question marks, a whole combination of signs);
• Next, we turn to the signs at the level of a complex sentence (signs between simple sentences - comma, dash, colon);
• Lastly, we explain the signs in simple sentences.

For ease of punctuation analysis, it is recommended to number punctuation marks to further explain their placement. If we learn to place punctuation marks correctly using punctuation analysis of a sentence, in the future we will be able to always use them correctly and intuitively. This will help us in the future to become literate people who know well the rules of our powerful and diverse Russian language.

Example of parsing a sentence

When I met a stray cat on the street, (2) my heart, (3) which had not known sadness until that moment, (4) was filled with pity for him. (1)

1) A period is placed at the end of the sentence, since the sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory and contains a complete thought.

2) A comma between simple sentences in a complex sentence, separating the subordinate part (“when I met a stray cat on the street”) from the main part (“my heart was filled with pity for him”);

3) Two commas (3,4), highlighting a separate circumstance expressed by the participial phrase (“which did not know sadness until that moment”).