Russian labor is glorious how to understand. Riddles of the Russian language

Club hour on the topic

Target: to bring children to an understanding of the importance and significance of any work

Tasks : expand children's understanding of the importance of work in society,

contribute to the formation of a positive moral assessment of character, as diligence,

encourage children to develop labor skills,

learn to navigate the world of professions,

to cultivate respect for people of any profession.

Presenter 1

Good afternoon, dear children, guests of our holiday!

Today we dedicate our meeting to labor. The theme of our club hour

"Work is great and glorious man"

Today we will find out why it is labor that glorifies a person and what it is.

And we want to start with little story K. Ushinsky "Two plows".

Dramatization of K. Ushinsky's story "Two Plows".

Two plows were made from the same piece of iron in the same workshop.

One of them fell into the hands of a farmer and immediately went to work;

while the other spent a long time and completely uselessly lying around in the merchant's shop.

It happened after a while that both countrymen met again.

The farmer's plow shone like silver and was even better than when it came out.

from the workshop; the plow, which had lain idle in the shop, darkened and covered with rust.

Tell me, please, why are you so shiny? the rusty plow asked an old friend.

From work, my dear, - he answered. - And you rusted and became worse than you were, because,

that all this time you lay on your side, doing nothing.

Lead 2

Why did the plow that fell to the tiller shine like silver? (because he worked)

What happened to the plow that lay idle? (darkened and covered with rust)

Who does Ushinsky mean when he talks about plows? (hard worker and lazy)

Presenter 1

Since ancient times and centuries, children have been taught to work from early childhood.

Dramatization of Z. Alexandrova's poem "Golden Hands"

(two boys come out and read a poem)

The boy who lives in apartment number five has golden hands.

They come to the master by hearsay to make a key, to seal the coffee pot.

Golden hands all in calluses, abrasions and ink stains -

He glued the globe yesterday at school, repaired the neighbor's radio.

We changed the spiral on the tile, refurbished the leaky bucket ...

Ingots rattle in his pockets - tin, lead and silver.

The little master is called to collect and oil the walkers.

If the electricity goes out, golden hands are right there.

Mother is proud of these hands, even though the boy is only ten years old,

He will change the cork - and a lively and bright light will light up in the rooms.

Not having time to read about it in a book, he came to everything at random.

"The boy has golden hands!" The neighbors are talking about him.

Lead 2

Proverbs and sayings acted as rules of labor behavior.

Do you know proverbs and sayings about work? Now we will check it.

We read the beginning of the proverbs, and you continue.

Work with proverbs:

Patience and work ... (everything will grind)

Under a lying stone ... (and the water does not flow)

Do not rush with your tongue ... (hurry up with business)

Do you like to ride ... (love to carry sleds)

Business before pleasure)

You can’t take it out without labor ... (and a fish from a pond)

Finished the job ... (walk boldly)

Labor feeds ... (and laziness spoils)

Presenter 1

Labor is the most important thing in the life of every person. How many roads, bridges, cars, cities on our earth.

And they all appeared thanks to the hands of man. Man decorates the earth with his labor.

Lead 2

He knows how to grow bread, build houses, invent different machines, fly into space and much more.

Work ennobles a person. Man is famous for his work.

Presenter 1

Today is a very special day! We have gathered here, friends,

To glorify the hands of workers - we will do it ... you and me!

Lead 2

We want you to remember this holiday for a long time, because

(walks up to a poster that says: "The earth is painted by the sun, and man's work")

Labor appears. He's wearing overalls. There is a bright emblem on the chest.

Work.

Hello, friends! I know this for sure: they always say that without me you can’t even pull a fish out of the pond. Let me introduce myself. I am Labor! And I am glad that you came to the feast in my honor.

It is good that there is stone, clay and sand in the world!

It's good that there are pincers, nails, a hammer in the world!

There are threads and there is a shovel - you can sew and you can dig!

Respect work guys! Learn to love work!

Presenter 1

The man is great at work. Since ancient times, people have attached great importance to the attitude to work.

The ideal of the working life of our ancestors is diligence, a responsible attitude to work.

Children(read poetry )

The only happiness is work, in the fields, at the machine, at the table!

Work to a hot sweat, work without an extra account -

Hours of hard work.

Great joy - work, in the fields, at the machine, at the table!

Work until a hot sweat, work without an extra account -

All the happiness of the earth is due to work.

Lead 2

Now look at these statements and say: what does labor give a person? How do you understand the meaning?

(on the slide of the statement: Work makes a man beautiful, but idleness spoils him.

Only in work can you show all your best qualities. .)

Presenter 1

And what does a person learn in a team?

(answers on the slide): People in the team:

learning to communicate with other people

gets the opportunity to feel the strength, support of the team.

Lead 2

And in our time, a person in society, in a class team is valued for his work.

It is not at once that a person can perform a large and complex work. We must start small.

And where do we start in the classroom, what kind of work do we do?

Presenter 1

With many duties of a person in society, in a class team, he is judged, first of all, by work.

Labor helps a person to reveal his personality, to show his abilities.

Children (speaking in sentence):

Each of us in the class is responsible for the assigned task.

We must conscientiously treat work, so that we would be noted only from the good side.

No wonder they say that work is a source of joy and pleasure.

Labor was, is and will be the basis of life on earth.

In labor, a person will become physically healthy and morally educated.

The well-being and well-being of a person depends on labor.

Labor also has great personal significance.

We know how happy people are who can do a lot with their own hands.

To become a good specialist, we must know a lot and be able to do a lot.

Lead 2

Let's read the labor rule.

(words on the slide: Nothing ever comes without difficulty.

Know if you need to mend a stocking,

Without your help to prepare a lesson.

Be the first to learn, be the first to work,

We don’t like white hands anywhere.)

Presenter 1

Let's glorify the man of labor, and at the same time we will play.

I will greet skillful people with flags of different colors.

I raise the blue - you need to clap, green - stomp, yellow - be silent, red - cheers to shout.

Lead 2

Today we are sitting at the school desk. Studying is hard work. The school years will pass.

We will become adults and it will be necessary to choose a profession. What is a profession? ( children's answers)

(definition on the slide:

A profession is a type of work that requires a person to

certain training, knowledge and skills.)

Presenter 1

Do you know how many professions there are on the planet? What professions do you know? (children's answers)

Riddles about the profession ( children read)

The bell rang loudly and class began.

The student and the parent know - they will conduct a lesson ... (teacher)

Who will prescribe vitamins? Who will cure angina?

On vaccinations, you don’t cry - he knows how to be treated ... (doctor)

All products are on display: vegetables, nuts, fruits.

Tomato and cucumber offers… (salesman)

On a dark night, on a clear day, he fights fire.

In a helmet, like a glorious warrior, he hurries to the fire ... (fireman)

He puts bricks in a row, builds a garden for children

Not a miner and not a driver, they will build a house for us ... (builder)

Waving a thin stick - the choir on the stage will sing.

Not a magician, not a juggler. Who is this? (conductor)

Poems about professions (children read)

Rockets fly to distant planets from the earth.

Them constructor worked out, did not sleep day and night, worked.

Give scissors, a comb, he will do your hair.

The hairdresser sure to cut your hair in a modern way.

He will draw fruits, and nature, and a portrait.

Took painter to work brushes, paints and easel.

Give cook products: poultry meat, dried fruits,

Rice, potatoes and then delicious food awaits you.

Animals, birds, all who are sick, who are dissatisfied with their health!

calling you veterinarian - bandage, give a decoction.

Who gets the hare out of the hat to everyone's surprise?

it magician gives a performance in the circus.

Ditties about professions

I tell everyone I know that I want to be astronomer.

I don't like to sleep at night better stars study.

I like to answer in front of the whole class in class.

This experience will come in handy - I want artist become.

I decided that there was no point in boxing -

I will become dentist everyone is afraid of him.

Vovka boasts to the guys that he will become lawyer.

In the meantime, not a lawyer, he beats everyone in a row.

To be scout I want, because I am resourceful and bold.

Mom hid sweets, I scouted where - and ate.

I will become haircut master and I will take revenge on Lariska -

I'll cut my hair like a boy, and then I'll forgive.

I go to the gym, I eat only once a week.

I'll tell you a secret: I want to become model .

And now boxing referee I can definitely be.

Lead 2

There are many different professions on earth, and the tools that are used by people of different professions

even more. Guess who uses scissors? And who is the pointer? Who needs a syringe? (children's answers)

Presenter 1

We have not yet chosen our tools and work, but we will do it soon.

Lead 2

Our main tools are our heart, head and hands.

If the heart desires, and the hands do, we will cope with any work.

Presenter 1

A person of each profession has its own professional qualities.

Let's try to define what a teacher should be? And the fireman?

(children's answers: kind, smart, patient, etc.)

Children read a poemY. Tuvim "Everything for everyone"

The bricklayer builds dwellings, the dress is the work of a tailor,

But it is difficult for a tailor to work without a warm shelter.

The bricklayer would be naked if skillful hands

They did not make an apron, and a jacket and trousers in time.

The baker instructs the shoemaker to sew boots by the deadline.

Well, a shoemaker without bread will sew a lot, grind.

So it turns out that way; everything we do is necessary

So let's work honestly, diligently and amicably.

Lead 2

Are there qualities necessary for all professions? Name them.

( Slide with words:benevolence, politeness, responsibility, accuracy, patience, diligence, attentiveness, endurance, perseverance, perseverance)

Presenter 1

What do they say about a person who does a great job? (master of his craft)

Can you say the same about a hairdresser? What about the tailor? What about the surgeon?

Lead 2

For their work, for their skillful, talented hands, such people are called people - golden hands.

They are encouraged, they receive awards: honorary titles, certificates, orders, medals.

Their work is glorious. And it is not in vain that they say: work glorifies a person.

Children are reading a poem.

There is so much beauty in the world that we do not notice.

All because every day we meet her familiar features.

We know how beautiful the clouds, the river, the flowers, the face of our beloved mother,

And Pushkin's flying line, and the fact that a person is beautiful in deeds.

Presenter 1

Labor was, is and will be the main glory of life on earth.

Any work is honorable and all work is good.

Teacher

Guys, our Classroom hour came to an end. You've done well! Well done!

We will talk with you about different professions, we will go on excursions.

I hope the good moments remain in your memory.

And there is something for each of us to think about.

Performance of the song "For those who work, any dream will always come true"

(M. Weinberg to the words of M. Korostylev)

Chorus: Always for those who work, any dream will come true.

After all, there is magic in labor.

He will move the snowy mountains, he will pass the boundless seas,

He wins everywhere and everywhere.

Verse 1: And the one who considers all tasks a punishment,

Who is accustomed to loafing all day long.

For a miracle, of course, even if he does not hope,

Only a deuce will decorate your diary.

fail

To fail means: to fail, to fail on the way to the goal. However, the word "fiasca" in Italian means a large two-liter bottle. How could such a strange combination of words have been created and how did it acquire its modern meaning?

There is an explanation for this. It was born from the unsuccessful attempt of the famous Italian comedian Bianconelli to play a cheerful pantomime in front of the public with a large bottle in his hand. After his failure, the words "fiasco of Bianconelli" took on the meaning of an actor's failure, and then the very word "fiasco" began to mean failure.

Polichenel's Secret

By the expression Polichenel's secret is meant a secret that is not one, just everyone pretends that it is actually a secret.

Rather, this is a secret that everyone already knows "The secret is for the whole world."

The expression comes from the name of the comic character of the French theater - a bully, a jester and a chatterbox, who secretly reported things known to everyone. An incorrigible chatterer, he absolutely does not know how to keep secrets. The hero of the puppet comedy constantly reports that he is thinking about whether to marry him.

Why are newbies called "dummies"?

A teapot is an inexperienced user, a person who does not know how to expediently use a personal computer in the amount necessary for him. The term comes from mountaineering. Experienced climbers call a teapot a beginner who has made his first ascent to the top of the mountain. As a rule, such people do not first of all perform the necessary actions to set up the camp, but pose for photographers, resting one hand on their side, while the other is set aside, leaning on an ice ax, ski pole, etc., which makes their silhouette strongly reminiscent of a teapot.

"Whoever's cow mooed, yours would be silent."

Now this proverb is being misused. Initially, it was a wish for health, satiety and wealth. The fact is that hungry or sick cows begin to moo randomly and protractedly moo.

Indulge in all the hard

In the old days, church bells chimed. Bells in churches were made of all sizes and voices - from small to colossal (the famous bell of the Kremlin Assumption Cathedral weighed 4,000 pounds, that is, about 65 tons). It is not surprising if in the church charters the largest bells were called “heavy”, that is, “heavy”, and “strike hard” meant: start ringing all the bells.

It is quite clear that for a very long time "to ring all the bells" began to mean: to noisily discuss some news, to talk right and left. After all, the ringing of bells informed the people about important events. At the same time, the expression "to go all out" appeared; it meant: to act, regardless of anything. As you can see, the origin of these words has been thoroughly forgotten, and they have acquired a completely new meaning.

Burn with blue flame

Blue gas fire, now burning in almost every kitchen, was familiar to our ancestors only in the most critical situations: if you show up at a cemetery in the dead of night or climb into a swampy swamp. Methane is formed in nature when organic residues rot in the absence of oxygen. Usually this phenomenon is observed in a swamp or next to fresh graves, not without reason the trivial name of methane is swamp gas. In this case, trace amounts of phosphorus pentahydride can be formed as an impurity; this substance immediately flares up in air and ignites the rest of the gas. During the day, it is almost impossible to see burning methane, but at night the swamp and grave lights are clearly visible. Belief connects the appearance of blue lights with the ordeals of restless souls: sinners who died without repentance, suicides and just people who drowned in a swamp. It is believed that their souls are burning, the torment of which began even before the Last Judgment. So it is not difficult to imagine what a gloomy meaning our ancestors put into the expression "burn with a blue flame." And now, when a person claims that he is burning with a blue flame, this means that he is in an extremely difficult situation, from which he cannot get out on his own. Sometimes it happens to hear someone exclaim: "Yes, burn it all with a blue flame!" This means that the person has lost his last hope to arrange some business properly, and completely waved his hand at him.

In the bag

When they say "it's in the bag", it means: everything is in order, everything ended successfully. Sometimes the origin of this saying is explained by the fact that in the days of Ivan the Terrible, some court cases were decided by lot, and the lot was drawn from the judge's hat.

However, the word "hat" came to us no earlier than in the days of Boris Godunov, and even then it was applied only to "German", foreign headdresses. It is unlikely that this rare word could get into a folk saying at the same time.

There is another explanation: much later, clerks and clerks used their hats to get bribes when dealing with court cases.

If you helped me -

Says the "plaintiff" to the clerk in a caustic poem by A.K. Tolstoy,

I would pour you, she-she, in

Hat ten rubles.

Rash now - said

Deacon, substituting the cap.-

Well - tka!

It is very possible that the question: “Well, how am I doing?” clerks often answered with a sly wink: "It's in the hat." This is where our proverb came from.

shabby look

“In a shabby dressing gown”, “shabby look” ... Of course, you have heard such phrases more than once.

What is "shabby"? Another linguist will not hesitate to answer: "Meal" - in Greek "table", "shabby" - means "table".

It seems that everything is correct, but it is not clear why a person, going to the table, should have a bad or unsightly appearance: after all, “shabby” at the same time means: seedy, neglected, low-grade.

To resolve the ambiguity, let's turn to the documents. And here's what we learn: the word "shabby" in these expressions direct relation to the "meal" does not. This word is derived from "zatrapeza" - the name of a cheap mottled fabric, named after Zatrapeznov, the merchant in whose factory it was produced.

Strictly speaking, this decision of the issue cannot be considered final either. It is permissible to ask: “And from what word did such a surname originate?” Judging by others like her, she must have come from an adjective, like "Krasnov" - from "red", "Iron" - from "iron", etc. But then this adjective could only be "shabby". It existed before the surname. And if so, our initial doubt remains in force: where did the word itself come from? Probably still from the "meal".

Probably one of the merchant's ancestors became known for his hospitality, or his ability to conduct table conversations, or some other pleasant "shabby" quality. What? This remains to be seen.

Manna from heaven

The Bible says that during the wandering of the Jews in the desert, when famine came, suddenly “manna from heaven” began to fall from heaven, which saved the emaciated people.

This story is not one hundred percent fiction, but there is no miracle in it either. God, who, according to the Bible, sent food to the unfortunate wanderers, of course, has nothing to do with it. In the desert, through which the Jewish peoples wandered, the edible lichen lecanor is common. When ripe, the lichen crusts crack and roll into balls. These balls are similar to semolina. They are very light and carried by the wind over long distances. Nomads collect edible lichen, crush it and bake bread from the resulting flour.

The expression "manna from heaven" means: unexpected luck, miraculous help. "Wait like manna from heaven" - impatiently hope. "Eating manna from heaven" - to live by something, random and mysterious means. The word "manna" comes from a Hebrew root meaning "to give." Our semolina is named after the legendary manna, with which it has nothing to do.

Live in grand style

Let's make a reservation right away: it is difficult to vouch for the authenticity of the history of the emergence of this saying. But she's entertaining.

The birth of this combination of words, as they say, is to blame for the fashion that arose in England back in the 12th century. An ugly growth appeared on the big toe of the right foot of the English king Henry II Plantagenet. The king could not change the shape of the disfigured leg in any way. Therefore, he ordered shoes with long, sharp, turned-up toes.

The effect was amazing. The very next day, shoemakers were inundated with orders for "nosed" shoes; each new customer sought to outdo the previous one. The king considered it good to limit the length of socks by law: ordinary citizens were allowed to wear shoes with a toe no longer than half a foot (15 centimeters), knights and barons - one foot (about 30 centimeters), and earls - two feet.

Shoe sizes thus became evidence of wealth and nobility. They started talking about rich people: “Look, he lives in a big way (or in a big way)!”

To prevent huge shoes from falling off, fashionistas had to stuff them with hay. Therefore, in France, which this fashion also did not pass, another expression was born: “to have hay in shoes”; it also means: "to live in contentment."

Why do you still have to doubt the authenticity of this story? Yes, because the father of Henry II, Gottfried Plantagenet, is also called the trendsetter of this fashion.

Others attribute the appearance of long shoes to the 14th century. The Spaniards believe that the idiom "to live in a big way" is Spanish, the Germans - German, etc.

Only one thing is certain: this expression - an exact translation from German - became widely used in Russia some more than a hundred years ago, after in 1841 the Literaturnaya Gazeta published a note about its origin.

The story about the royal callus, about the fashion associated with it and about the proverb that arose thanks to it, interested the reading public. All this led to the fact that the foreign phrase took root on Russian soil.

Drinking and takeaway

This is how the tsarist taverns traded alcohol from the time of almost Boris Godunov. The tselovalnik received state-owned wine in forty barrels, and sold it either on tap - in cups and mugs, or in measured utensils

Scales, bottles, damask or half-damask. The very word "tsolovalnik" came from the fact that the tavern-keepers swore (kissed the cross) that they would not dilute the resulting vodka, and also would not allow underfilling into the sovereign's dishes. Vodka sold to take away was sealed and cost more than the one that was drunk on the spot. And the spilled sea drank this vodka. In the time of Alexei Mikhailovich, a glass of vodka cost exactly one penny, and the income of the treasury from the maintenance of taverns amounted to millions of rubles. So you can be sure that in taverns they didn’t drink much in cups, much more often in mugs. This is even noted in the name, the official name of the taverns is circle yards, or in a simple way - circled. And as soon as the unstable rooster whirled, he would drink everything to the last thread. The artisans reveled in the board and the insole, the bourgeoisie pawned their ties and collars, the clergy took communion to the position of a chasuble or crawled home barely able to. Thousands of fortunes and the last tool, working capital and seed grain were drunk on drink. Millions in revenue cost the country dearly

From the people's drunkenness, and even now the trouble has not diminished at all, because some want to drink immediately, while others want to warm their hands in this matter.

And when a person, for the sake of momentary selfish interests, betrays something that should not be betrayed by definition (it doesn’t matter: homeland, family or conscience), they say about such a person that he sells his conscience, family or homeland for drink and takeaway.

blue stocking

With these words, a person who considers Russian to be his native language can hardly imagine a real stocking - nylon, nylon or wool. And there is such a sad image. As dictionaries tell us, a "blue stocking" is a woman completely absorbed in bookish, scientific interests, callous, devoid of femininity and charm.

By the way, the appearance of the lady does not matter, as well as the success of her intellectual work. She is simply engaged in mental activity to the detriment of traditionally female occupations. The question is why "stocking" and why blue. Now this is much more interesting ... Because the first blue stocking could be a man.

This expression - "blue stocking" (blue stocking) originated in England in the 80s of the XVIII century. He is associated with a circle that met with a certain Lady Montague for learned conversations. The soul of these very conversations was a scientist - Benjamin Stellingfleet. He, disregarding the rules of fashion, wore blue stockings (instead of white) with a dark dress. For this, some called the circle "the society of the blue stocking."

However, there is another version associated with the same circle. It seems there was a woman there, a certain Stillingfleet (again a similar surname), who wore blue stockings. She was called "blue stocking".

Now it is no longer possible to establish exactly which of this circle, a man or a woman, loved the blue stockings so much, but what they loved - no doubt. Byron immortalized Lady Montague's circle in the satirical work Blues.

The expression came to us in the Russian language in the first half of the 19th century, most likely through French. There, "blue stockings" - "bas bleus" - were called women who neglected home and family. Thus, the Russian "blue stocking" is at least two hundred years old.

Wash the Bones

Everyone knows the meaning of the expression “wash the bones” - discuss behind your back, speak badly about the absent, etc. But not everyone knows where this expression came from and what it meant before.

Meanwhile, the origin of this expression is quite interesting and even somewhat funny.

It has its roots in the times of Kievan Rus. Then there was a great many pagan rites that have not survived to our times.

There was then a ceremony that was carried out after the burial of the deceased, or rather after the passage of several years from that moment (the exact number is unknown, there are several versions).

It was carried out in the following way. The grave was dug up and the remains were rescued from there. The ceremony was attended only by relatives. Relatives rescued the remains and cleaned the bones from the remnants of other tissues. During this, they praised the deceased, spoke only good things about him, remembered the good deeds he had done - this part of the ceremony was mandatory. After the bones were “washed” (in the direct and figurative meanings of the word), the remains were buried again in all traditions, only relatives were again present during the burial. it was believed that in the process of washing the bones, the spirit of the deceased became beneficent and found peace.

So it turns out that in Kievan Rus the expression "to wash the bones" meant "to speak good words about the deceased."

The whole, so to speak, irony of this expression lies in the fact that in our time it has acquired a negative character. Although in some way it has not lost its significance, namely, that the discussion of a person takes place in his absence.

This expression lost its original meaning during the time of the propaganda of Orthodoxy, when pagan rites were perceived as unbelief in Christ.

This is how an interesting and unusual story of the origin of the expression “washing the bones” turned out.

, Vartanyan E. A, Detgiz, 1963

Why we say: WHITE CROW

You have probably seen white mice and rabbits more than once. Less often you can meet whitebirds, horses, cows, deer. White squirrels are found in North America. It is more difficult to imagine a milky-colored toad with red eyes ... There are, however, such.

What is the reason for the unusual coloring of the listed animals and what is this phenomenon called?

As proven by scientists, this is caused by the absence of a coloring matter - pigment - in the skin and hair. Animals with such features are called albinos, and the phenomenon itself is called albinism (from the Latin word "albus" - white). Albinos are also among the crows, but White crow is an extraordinary rarity.

It was this circumstance that allowed the Roman satirist poet Juvenal (I-II centuries AD) to throw such a comparison: “A slave can become king, a captive can wait for a triumph. Only such a lucky rarer than a white crow...»

I liked Juvenal's invention, they picked it up. Two thousand years have passed since then, and we still say: “This White crow", meeting, for example, a person who stands out sharply from environment one quality or another.

It is worth recalling that a similar expression was born in the East: “ White elephant»; albino elephants with red eyes are very rare and therefore highly valued among the inhabitants of the Indochinese peninsula.

Why do we say: SHOE A FLEA

At the top of Russian society in the 19th century lived the usual dismissive attitude to everything domestic, created in Russia, blind admiration for science, art, culture of the West.

It was believed that the most that we, Russians, are capable of is imitation of foreign models.

The people never stood on such a point of view and protested against it wherever possible. The people were very fond of stories and fables that tell about the competition of "our" people with strangers and about victories, which were often won by the Russian mind, intelligence, invention, resourcefulness.

Writer N. S. Leskov from one such joke: “The British made a flea, and our Tula she was shod Yes, they sent them back" - he created the wonderful story "Lefty" ("The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea"); the blacksmith Lefty managed not only to make overseas steel fleas, visible only in the best "melkoskop", microscopic horseshoes, but also put a Tula factory mark on each of them in tiny letters.

Thanks to this story, the expression « shoe a flea » has become a widespread catchphrase, meaning: skillfully perform the most intricate, especially delicate work.

Why do we say: BURIDAN'S DOSER

Sometimes they say about someone: “He was in a position Buridan's donkey». What does this mean? How Buridan's donkey different from their counterparts? Who is Buridan?

Philosophers of the late Middle Ages put forward a theory according to which the actions of living beings do not depend on their own will, but solely on external causes. Scientist Buridan(more precisely - Buridan), who lived in France in the XIV century, confirmed this idea with such an example. Let's take a hungry donkey and put on both sides of his muzzle, at completely equal distances, two exactly identical armfuls of hay. The donkey will have no reason to prefer one of them over the other: after all, they are exactly the same. He will not be able to reach for either the right or the left, and in the end he will die of hunger.

It is not known whether those who disagree with Buridan tried to make such an experiment and test his theory, but only since that time people who are indecisive, hesitate for a long time before settling on one decision, are often called " buridan donkeys».

Why do we say: VALAAM'S ASS

Balak, king of the Moabites, says the bible, sent messengers for sorcerer Valaam so that he would come and magically destroy the Israelites who besieged the Moabite city of Jericho. Balaam sat on his donkey and set off on his way. But the biblical god was on the side of Israel: he forbade the donkey to go. The gentle animal began to stop at every step.

Balaam beat the donkey twice. The third time the donkey "opened her mouth" and spoke in a human voice. She tried in vain to prove to her master that it was madness to go against the will of God. He disobeyed her and failed.

« Valaam donkeys” are called quiet, silent people who suddenly begin to boldly raise their voice in defense of their opinion.

Why do we say: THAT'S WHERE THE DOG IS BURIED!

There is a story: the Austrian warrior Sigismund Altensteig spent all campaigns and battles with his beloved dog. And once, during a trip to the Netherlands, the dog even saved his owner from death. The grateful warrior solemnly buried his four-legged friend and erected a monument on his grave, which stood for more than two centuries - until the beginning of the 19th century.

Later, the dog monument could be found by tourists only with the help of local residents. At that time, the saying was born That's where the dog is buried!”, which now has the meaning: “found what I was looking for”, “got to the bottom of the matter”.

But there is an older and no less likely source of the proverb that has come down to us. When the Greeks decided to give the Persian king Xerxes a battle at sea, they put old men, women and children on ships in advance and transported them to the island of Salamis.

They say that the dog that belonged to Xanthippus, the father of Pericles, did not want to part with his master, jumped into the sea and swam, following the ship, reached Salamis. Exhausted from fatigue, she immediately died.

According to the historian of antiquity Plutarch, this dog was delivered to the coast of the island with a kinosema - a canine monument, which was shown to the curious for a very long time.

Some German linguists believe that this expression was created by treasure hunters, who, out of superstitious fear of the evil spirit that supposedly guards each treasure, did not dare to directly mention the purpose of their search and began to conventionally speak of a "black dog" and a dog, meaning a devil and a treasure. .

Thus, according to this version, the expression " That's where the dog is buried" meant: "This is where the treasure is buried."

Why do we say: LYING LIKE A GREEN MERIN

Here is a popular saying, which is not at all easy to interpret. Indeed, why, of all domestic animals, only a harmless gelding was awarded the reputation of a liar, and why did she contact specifically geldings of one specific suit?

This is so strange, even absurd, that all the explanations offered so far tend to reduce the matter to one or another error of popular memory.

The famous linguist and lexicographer V. Dahl admitted that it had completely changed by hearsay.
the natural expression “rushing like a gray gelding”: after all, geldings are distinguished by strength and endurance in work.

However, there is hardly any reason to think that gray, that is, white-gray, horses in this sense are superior to others, bay or black. It is unlikely that the people undeservedly singled them out from the general ranks.

There is a completely different explanation. This proverb was born, as it were, from the memories of a great liar, a certain nobleman and officer of the tsarist army, Mr. von Sievers-Mehring, who lived a hundred or a hundred and fifty years ago. The original "lie like Sievers-Mering", understandable only to the colleagues of this visionary, his familiar officers, was picked up and remade in their own way by the soldiers of his regiment; so it went for a walk around Rus' in this new form of its own.

It is difficult to say whether this explanation is correct, but one cannot deny his wit.

There are, however, facts that make all such assumptions dubious. There is a saying among the people: “lazy as a gray gelding”. Gogolevsky Khlestakov writes to a friend about the simpleton mayor, as if he was "stupid as a gray gelding." Along with all this, we also have the not very elegant expression "bullshit", meaning: all sorts of incredible nonsense. You can’t lead them all either to Sievers-Mering or to a combination of the words “rushing like ...”. Apparently, the science of the phraseology of the Russian language cannot yet offer a final solution to this curious problem.

Why we say: NEWSPAPER DUCK

The false news printed in the newspapers is called " newspaper duck". When you think about the reasons for this, you involuntarily remember famous question glorious "sage" Kozma Petrovich Prutkov: "Why do many people call fate a turkey, and not some other bird more like fate?"

In search of an answer, I had to rummage through books, look through magazines and newspapers yellowed from time to time. What is the result?

"Donne de canary" - " let the duck go”, or simply “Canary”, the French call any implausible news. But why? How long ago and for what reason did these words appear? Dont clear. Nevertheless, linguists tend to believe that it is the French who are the authors of this " ducks”, which then, having circled half the world, took root in the Russian language.

However, the supporters of this opinion have serious opponents - the Germans. And their arguments cannot be ignored. That's what they say: "Invented" " duck» their compatriot, prominent clergyman Martin Luther (XV-XVI centuries). In one of his speeches, instead of the word “legend”, he allegedly used “lugenda” (“lyuge” - “lie”), thereby hinting at the lies resorted to by his opponents. Later, this word allegedly turned into "lug ente" (which literally means " lying duck”), and then just in “ duck with figurative meaning already known to us.

In general, there are many other explanations, but we will give one more, as it seems to us, the most interesting, and perhaps the most plausible.

In one of the hundred-year-old newspapers it was said that the famous Belgian humorist Cornelissen took it into his head to mock the gullibility of the public and published the following note in the magazine:

“The gluttony of ducks is known, but it is most evident from the following case. One scientist bought 20 ducks and immediately ordered to chop one of them, with feathers and bones, into small pieces, which he fed the rest of the birds.

A few minutes later, he did exactly the same with another duck, then with a third, a fourth, and so on, until only one remained, which thus devoured 19 of its mates.

The magazine printed this nonsense, others reprinted it, and for several days everyone was talking about the voracity of ducks. Only after the author himself revealed the secret of "scientific experience" did it become clear what had happened. From that time on, every lie in the press began to be called a duck.

Marvelous? Something else is even more amazing. Many years later, one of the American newspapers again printed the forgotten invention of Cornelissen, and again there were eccentrics who believed this old gluttonous newspaper duck.

Why do we say: DEAF BLACK

In pursuit of the winged word, we will be transported from the deserts of the biblical East burned by the sun to our northern spring forest.

The hunter creeps up to the current black grouse. A huge bird sings a joyful song on the tree: closing its eyes in rapture, it “flows”, “clicks”, “sparks” and does not hear anything that is happening around. And, taking advantage of her temporary deafness, an experienced hunter jerks up to the distance of a shot.

People have long noticed the property of a black grouse to lose their hearing during the display. They even called one of the grouse breeds a capercaillie (although try to crack a twig near a huge capercaillie when it is not running!) And the very word “grouse in”, “grouse” has become a symbol of a loose, sleepy and not seeing anything around him person.

Hey you sleepy grouse,
Open the doors brother! -

the brothers of Ivan the Fool call to each other in The Little Humpbacked Horse...

Not quite fair to a very sensitive bird, but very expressive.

Why we say: GOAL LIKE A FALCON

Here is a constant combination of words, for the explanation of which one does not need to go to foreign lands, but which, nevertheless, is not so simple and indisputable.

First, it is strange that the feathered bird is depicted as an example of nakedness. But, it turns out, there is no question of a bird.

There is an opinion that here it is not a falcon that is meant, but an old falcon - a log bound with iron or a cast-iron beam, with which Russian troops in the distant past hollowed out the walls of besieged cities, that is, a ram. Perhaps so, but there is another interpretation. Isn't it more correct to pronounce our proverb "Goal like bitches"? What is "sukol"? So called in the peasantry a pair of closely spaced stakes that support a palisade, wattle fence, fence. In autumn, when the field fences are destroyed, only bare bitches remain hanging out in the fields; their sad, forlorn appearance really could easily make them an image of sad nakedness, serve to create a saying - a characteristic of an extremely poor person.

Why do we say: THE MOUNTAIN BORN A MOUSE

A very long time ago a mocking image came into people's minds: a huge mountain, after long gatherings and conversations, gives birth to the smallest animal - a mouse. Even among the ancient writers, Plutarch, Horace, we meet jokes related to this, and even later this expression in various versions never seemed outdated to satirical writers and fabulists of all peoples of the earth. “The mountains are puffing up to give birth, and a funny little mouse will be born!” - our Tredyakovsky also laughed at his contemporaries-poets. So they spoke about mediocre rhymers and, in general, about everyone who promised more than he did.

The sharp word that arose millennia ago lives in our days and will live for who knows how long. What a great power lies in it!

Why do we say: THE LOST SHEEP

The Gospel tells a parable - an instructive story with an allegory. A man had a flock of sheep, one of which got lost and disappeared. But the owner, since every animal from the herd is dear to him, left the rest and went in search of the missing one, found her and brought her home on his shoulders. And so God comes to the rescue of a erring sinner, even leaving for a time the well-to-do righteous to his care...

Under the words " lost sheep” now mean a good, but accidentally lost “true” person.

Why do we say: WARM THE SNAKE (ON THE CHEST)

It is believed that this proverb was born after the world learned Aesop's fable "The Peasant and the Snake". A certain farmer took pity on the snake, stiff from the cold, and good-naturedly put it in his bosom. Having warmed up, the snake began by biting a compassionate person ...

The meaning of the fable is a warning against excessive credulity, and the words " warm the snake”became an allegorical image of such gullibility and black ingratitude.

Why do we say: serpent-tempter

The forbidden fruit would have remained quietly hanging on the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (see), if only the first people Adam and Eve had lived in paradise. Unfortunately, the Bible says, there also lived a serpent, that is, a snake in which the devil moved. And he decided to quarrel people with their creator. He quickly noticed that Adam obeys his wife's advice in everything, and Eve is very curious.

Realizing this, the serpent, prompted by the devil, coiled around the tree, on which amazing fruits grew, and began to tempt Eve, that is, to persuade them to taste it in order to find out what is good and what is evil. And then Eve, as the Bible says, "saw that the tree is good for food and that it is pleasing to the eyes and desirable, because it gives knowledge, and she took its fruits and ate and gave it to her husband, and he ate ..."

That is why Satan, the devil, began to be called " tempter", and when we say " serpent tempter”, we reproach the interlocutor for seducing us with something tempting, but unlawful.

Why do we say: FROM A FLY TO MAKE AN ELEPHANT

If someone exaggerates, turns a small fact into a whole event, the French will remark ironically, but generally: “ This man makes a mountain out of nothing ". The English will “throw” some specific material into the proverb: “ He makes a mountain out of a molehill ', they will say.

In such cases, we use the expression: Make an elephant out of a fly ».

The birthplace of this catchphrase is Greece. She passed to us from the satirical work “Praise of the Fly” by Lucian, who lived two millennia ago. But the author of the expression was still not this ancient Greek satirist. Lucian only used a modern proverb, which is not fully known to us. Here is what he writes at the end of his “Praise to the Fly”: “... I interrupt my word, although I could say a lot more so that no one would think that I, according to the proverb, I make an elephant out of a fly ».

Why do we say: FROM PIG TO CARP

In one folk story, a crafty monk set out to feast on a piglet. And the time was completely inopportune for this - fasting had just come.

The monk defiantly disregarded the strictest prohibition of the church - "no meat in fasting"; however, he did this only after he respectfully turned to the Lord God with a prayer for the remission of all his sins, past and present. And then solemnly, as if conjuring, he said: “Well, piglet, turn into crucian fish ».

This joking phrase is used even now, when circumstances force someone to pass off the real as the desired, to make a deal with his conscience.

Why do we say: HOW TO CHICKEN IN SHCHI (GET TO)

Here is a very common saying that we repeat all the time, having no idea about its true meaning and origin. What " chickens"(After all, not" chicken "!)? Why did he get into cabbage soup and not in another dish? Everything is unclear.

Let's start with " chicken". This word in old Russian means "rooster". And there were no “shchi” in our proverb before. It used to be pronounced correctly: Got like chickens in a pluck", that is, was plucked," no luck.

Word " pluck"Forgotten, and then people willy-nilly altered the expression" in a pluck " in cabbage soup».
But no matter how this poisonous proverb has changed over the years, its meaning has remained the same: "an unexpected misfortune befell you."

When she was born? It is not clear: some think that even under Demetrius the Pretender, when " to pluck» hit the Polish conquerors; others - that in the Patriotic War of 1812, when the Russian people forced Napoleon's hordes to flee.

Why we say: LIKE GOAT'S MILK

At first glance, this saying is similar to "".

In fact, they have nothing in common either in form or in meaning.

There are two “uses” from a sheep: milk, from which cheese is made - feta cheese, and wool. From a ram - one: wool (meat does not count). But, while the goat also has a benefit - milk, the goat does not give milk or wool . Can you compare him to a sheep?

Initially, our saying was longer, more precise and sounded like this: “ Benefits like a goat: no wool, no milk ". Over time, it has shrunk. And so it was possible to understand that it was about something or someone completely unnecessary and useless.

I must say that sometimes they say and even shorter - they don’t mention the goat, but just annoy: “ What use are you: no wool, no milk! » And everything is clear too.

Why we say: LIKE WATER OFF THE GOOS

Before you is not a simple saying, but part of an ancient incantation formula. It used to be that a sorceress, pouring “slanderous water” over sick children, and caring parents, bathing them in a bath, mysteriously said: “ Water off the goose, but from our Kolenka (or Petenka) thinness (that is, a disease) ”. And they believed that all sorts of misfortunes would escape from their son or daughter as quickly and without a trace as water escapes from goose plumage.

It is from the goose? No, not necessarily: from the feathers of any water bird. Indeed, in such birds, the plumage is covered with a special fatty lubricant, which is secreted by a gland on the back at the root of their tail. Water does not wet them, rolling on fat ...

But to say: “Like water from a chicken” is impossible. Have you seen a wet chicken? Pitiful sight! No wonder they say about confused, frightened people: "".

Why We Say Scapegoat

The ancient Jews had a peculiar religious custom, which was called " azazel ", or " scapegoat ". Once a year, on the appointed day, the people gathered; one goat they sacrificed to God, and the other was solemnly driven away (“released”) into the desert, having previously “laying hands on him,” that is, touching him in turn. It was considered; that the sins of the whole people will be transferred to the goat that is cast out, and he will take them away with him.

The reflection of this custom in the languages ​​of different peoples is the combination of words " scapegoat ". So they call in a figurative sense a person who takes the rap for other people's misdeeds, forced to pay for the sins of others.

Why do we say: CAT IN THE PACK

« Buy a pig in a poke " means: to acquire something behind the eyes, without knowing anything about the merits or demerits of the purchase.

This proverb is the fruit french wit. Probably, thanks to its figurativeness, even surprise, it has firmly taken root in both Russian and English (though the British replaced the cat with a pig), and in German.

Interestingly, the Germans created several variants of this expression. So, about a person who handed some thing to another, they say that he " sold a cat in a poke ».

Another expression is widespread in German speech: “ let the cat out of the bag”, that is, to make something secret obvious, unknown - known.

Why we say: CROCODILE TEARS

The ancient Egyptians believed Nile crocodiles carriers of divine evil. They were fed, they were addressed with spells to pacify their anger. Bloodlust and deceit crocodile gave rise to amazing fantasies. The ancient Greek scientist Elian, in his zoological treatise, wrote that a crocodile, having taken water in its mouth, pours it over steep paths along which people and animals descend to the river. As soon as the victim slips and falls, the crocodile jumps up to it and devours it.

Others said that the monster, having swallowed the body of a person, for some reason always irrigates his head. with tears and only then ends his terrible feast.

In one of the Russian "Azbukovnikov" - a kind of dictionary of the 17th century - this ancient belief was retold as follows: "The crocodile is a water beast ... When you have a man to eat, then cries and sobs, but the food does not stop, and tearing off the head from the body, in vain (that is, looking at it), crying».

This "hypocrisy" of crocodiles in ancient times gave rise to an expression known to all peoples. crocodile tears- fake tears, feigned regrets.

Well, all the same, does the story about tears have any basis?

Do crocodiles pour them, or are they just the fruit of the wild imagination of the ancients?

It is not so easy to answer this.

The author of the satire "Praise of Stupidity" Erasmus of Rotterdam (XVI century) believed that a crocodile at the sight of a person does not have tears, but saliva. Four centuries have passed, but until recently no one has learned anything reliable about crocodile tears. Their secret was solved quite recently by the Swedish scientists Fange and Schmidt-Nilson. It turned out that crocodiles are indeed whiny creatures. But this is not caused by an excess of feelings, but ... salts. The crocodile developed special glands to remove excess salts from the body; the excretory ducts of these glands are located at the very eyes of the crocodile. So it turns out: these glands began to work - and the crocodile “cried” with flammable salty tears.

So, crocodile tears- these are not tears of deceit and hypocrisy, yes, strictly speaking, and not tears at all. But the expression associated with an ancient error lives in the language and will certainly remain in the speech of peoples for many centuries.

And why should the language refuse it? Whether crocodiles cry or not, there are quite a few people who love to shed streams of feigned tears for every reason, tears flowing from human eyes, but in essence the concept is “crocodile”.

Why we say: KURSKIAN NIGHTINGALING

Nightingale- a favorite bird of our people, a feathered master of the first rank. From time immemorial, we have had connoisseurs of nightingale singing: they not only subtly understood its “knees”, but strictly distinguished different nightingale “schools”.

The best ram masters were considered nightingales from central Russia, especially from the vicinity of Kursk. Therefore, they were valued above others in the bird market, and the very combination of the words " Kursk nightingale"began to be applied in a commendable sense to excellent singers, and in a mocking sense - to sweet-voiced and artsy talkers-talkers.

Why we say: SWAN SONG

It seems that this figurative expression is based, like the belief that gave rise to it, on a misunderstanding, on a mistake.

Zoologists know: there are two types of swans - mute and whooper. The latter have a sonorous trumpet voice; the first only hiss. It is quite possible that our distant ancestors, not yet able to distinguish between these breeds of birds, confused them. Some heard "swan calls", others started tame swans, but could not wait for a sound from them. So the belief could be born that although swans sing, but only once in a lifetime - before death.

Already in the tragedy of Aeschylus "Agamemnon", Queen Clytemnestra, having killed the prophetess Cassandra (see "Orestes and Pylades", "Gifts of the Danaans"), says:

« ...she fell by my hand,
singing a prophetic swan song before death».

The modern language calls swan song the last, dying creation of man.

Why we say: LION'S SHARE

In Krylov's fable "The Lion at the Catching", the animals work together to round up and hunt down the deer. There are four participants: a dog, a wolf, a fox and a lion. But when dividing the booty, the lion distributes the four parts in this way:

« This part is mine Under the contract;
Here is this one for me like a lion, belongs without dispute;
This one is for me because I am the strongest of all;
And to this little of you, only a paw who will stretch,
He won't get up from his place alive».

From this fable it is clear what is " the lion's share».

Well, this expression arose in the work of I. A. Krylov? It turns out not quite so.

We meet similar fables literally in every major fabulist of all peoples. Aesop's Lion, Fox and Ass opens this series, followed by La Fontaine's Heifer, Goat and Sheep in Collaboration with a Lion, Tredyakovsky's Lion, Heifer, Goat and Sheep, Sumarokov's two fables and Chemnitzer's The Lion's Divide.

What does it mean? Apparently, the theme of the injustice of powerful and powerful people has occupied the world for so long and firmly that it never ceases to be new. " Lion's share"- the expression is very ancient and deeply popular.

Why do we say: MARTYSHKIN LABOR

This saying arose from the fable of I. A. Krylov “The Monkey and Glasses”. Remember what the monkey did when his eyes weakened?

She got half a dozen glasses for herself;
Twirls his glasses this way and that:
Now he sniffs them, then he licks them;
The glasses don't work at all.

The expression "monkey labor", first used by the remarkable Russian critic D. I. Pisarev (1840-1868), is used as a characteristic of useless efforts, vain efforts, unnecessary work.

Why we say: WET CHICKEN

Waterfowl (ducks, geese) have plumage that does not get wet in the water: in the rain they look the same as in good weather. Chickens, turkeys, and other poultry do not have this property. Everyone knows that a more miserable sight than a chicken soaked in the rain cannot be imagined.

Naturally, the expression "wet chicken" has come to characterize a confused, helpless person.

Why we say: THE WISDOM OF THE serpent

We know well that snakes, like reptiles, do not at all belong to beings endowed big brain and "mind". There is no significant difference between them and turtles in this sense, and lizards are probably far superior to them in quick wits.

However, to the ancient Jews, for reasons that are no longer too clear to us, the “serpent” (that is, the snake) seemed to be the emblem of wisdom (see “”), and even Satan himself was embodied in the “serpent”. From them we have inherited, through the Bible and the Gospel, this expression.

Why do we say: (TO HIM) AND YOU CAN'T RIDE ON A GOAT

This rather rare phrase, meaning "he is completely impregnable", probably arose in the language of old Russian "amusing people" - all sorts of jesters, buzzing about shnikov and buffoons.

Amusing their high patrons, using both harp and bells for their fun, dressing up in goat and bearskins, in the plumage of a crane, these “spies” sometimes knew how to do good deals.

It is possible that their "repertoire" included goat riding or pigs.

Obviously, it was the buffoons who sometimes met with such a bad mood of a high-ranking person that he “ even the goat didn't work».

That's where this saying came from.

Why we say: DON'T DROP BEADS IN FRONT OF PIGS

This saying is borrowed from the gospel. There it is already an allegory: “ Don't throw pearls before swine lest they trample him under their feet”, that is: do not waste good words on someone who is not able to appreciate them.

This expression especially took root in our speech after D. Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth" was published. Deacon Kuteikin tells a funny story there: he was expelled from the theological school - seminary - on the grounds that " it is written more: do not throw pearls before swine ...»

And now we repeat these words with the same meaning.

Why we say: THE FIRST SWALLOW

All the peoples of temperate countries consider the swallow the messenger of spring. Even five centuries before our era, the Greeks sang a song:

To us, swallow, to us!
With you they will visit us
Sun and bucket.

Probably, since then, the “first swallow” has become not only a sign of spring, but also an image that speaks of the first signs of the approach of something joyful, a change for the better.

But the keen eye of the ancients noticed something else: one swallow is not enough to confidently expect the coming spring - it is the first swallow that often deceives. "Una hirundo non facit ver!" “One swallow does not make spring,” they used to say in ancient Rome. Yes, and Aesop himself composed a fable about a frivolous youth who squandered everything he had. He saved only his cloak, but one day, seeing the first swallow, he sold it too. Frost struck, and frivolity was punished. The content of this fable was repeated by our I. A. Krylov (“The Mot and the Swallow”) many centuries later.

When we say: “Oh, this is the first swallow!” - we are hinting at the first signs of upcoming favorable events. When cautious people answer: “One swallow does not make spring!” - they warn against excessive hasty credulity, they advise not to prophesy in advance about events.

Why We Say BET ON THE WRONG HORSE

Compared to others, this is a completely new expression. It was born on the hippodromes, where during the races and races, bets are made on which horse will come first, and a game of chance is played.

“To bet on the wrong horse” means a loss, but in a figurative sense it is used when a person’s selfish calculations turn out to be incorrect, when he is grossly mistaken in his hopes, makes a mistake.

Why do we say: ROAR BELUGA

This phrase is a mistake. More precisely, it was as if an "oral typo" crept into it. There are two completely different living creatures in the seas: beluga fish, the largest of the sturgeon family (like all other fish, it never roars, howls), and commercial beluga whale- one of the cetacean animals, a dolphin with white bare skin. Here at white whales there is a voice: moving in herds in the sea, they emit a peculiar lowing, something like a bull's roar. The language confused these two animals. Why?

Probably not without the influence of one feature of our Russian pronunciation. The letter “g” is pronounced in some places as a sound somewhat similar to “x”: “hora”, “bohat” ... So, perhaps, the word “ beluga' some spoke. Others, out of habit to correct the wrong pronunciation, at the same time remade the similar word “ white whale».

However, this explanation cannot be considered indisputable..

Anyway, " beluga roar», « sigh like a beluga" means: emit loud and sad groans. This expression, though erroneous, is understood by everyone. And you say it right: beluga roar”, - they will not understand you, and even correct you. Who will be right about this? Such are the quirks of our language.

Why do we say: PUT A PIG

Hearing the word " pig”, each of us immediately draws a well-known pet for himself. This image has long acquired a not very honorable meaning, and many are surprised, say, when they meet in history an aristocratic boyar surname " Pork". What a fantasy people had to be called a "pig" name!

Meanwhile, the ancestor of the Svinins received this surname as a reward for military merit: he was the first to build the grand ducal army " pig", that is " wedge". It is also known that Alexander Nevsky managed to defeat the knightly " pig».

The triangular battle formation "pig" was considered very formidable.

Perhaps that is why the words “put a pig” (on someone) began to mean: to arrange a big trouble. It is curious that in German the idiomatic expression "to have a pig" means "luck". "Er hat shwein" ("he has a pig") - he is lucky.

An episode from F. Rabelais's book "Gargantua and Pantagruel" about the trick that brother Jean resorted to in preparing for the battle with sausages can also be considered interesting to explain the turnover "put a pig in". Having repeated the trick of the ancient Greeks during the siege of Troy (see "Gifts of the Danaans"), he ordered the construction of a huge pig and, together with the cooks, hid inside it. At the decisive moment, the cooks, led by Brother Jean, jumped out of hiding and put the stunned enemy to flight.

However, it should be said that these explanations cannot be recognized as indisputable. The possibility is not ruled out that the basis for them was the invincible aversion of some Eastern peoples (in particular, the Tatars) to pork meat. The Mohammedan, who was “placed a pig” at the meal, that is, treated with a fraudulent way of pork, came into the greatest anger and almost fell ill. It is very likely that our expression came from here.

Why do we say: CE IS A LION, NOT A DOG

This humorous saying arose from the following story. A certain artist, commissioned by the church, undertook to draw a lion for religious lithographs. Not being sure that the work was done by him flawlessly, and not without reason fearing that the lion could be confused with another animal, the artist provided his drawing with the caption: “Behold the lion, not the dog.”

The prototype of this plot is probably the story of Don Quixote Sancho Panza about one artist, "who, when asked what he wrote, answered:" What will happen. If, for example, he drew a rooster, he would certainly sign: "This is a rooster" so that they would not think that it was a fox.

The expression “Se is a lion, not a dog” is an ironic assessment of a work that is so poorly executed that it requires explanation what thought, idea the author, artist wanted to express in it.

Why do we say: GRAY AS HARMON

Lun is a feathered predator. Some types of harriers are painted in bluish-ash-gray colors, so that from a distance they appear whitish in flight. It is with this bird, and not with the moon, as some people think, that the gray-haired, white-headed man is compared.

And yet, only the white color of the plumage is still insufficient for comparison. Otherwise, why not compare such a person, let's say, with a swan? No, it's all about the similarity of the "appearance". The harrier bird with a curved beak and a crown of feathers around the cheeks and chin surprisingly resembles a gray-haired bearded old man.

Why we say: BLUE BIRD

For some Germanic peoples, the blue bird has long been a symbol of happiness. "Chasing the blue bird" means looking for happiness. It is clear how this symbol has developed: there are no truly bluebirds in Europe, and it is at least difficult to catch such a bird.

The Russian people did not know either this image or this expression until the beginning of the 900s. In those years, the play "The Blue Bird" by the Belgian writer M. Maeterlinck became famous in our country. The author built it precisely on the idea that was just discussed. Kids Tiltil and Mitil, the children of a poor woodcutter, set off on a journey in search of a “blue bird”, but return to the house without it: the starling that lived in their hut turns out to be the bluest of all birds.

Since that time, the “blue bird” has become a symbol of unattainable happiness, an unrealizable, albeit beautiful dream. And “hunting for a blue bird” means looking for the impossible, wasting time and effort.

As you can see, this is one of those phrases that was not born in ancient times, among the masses of the people, but was recently picked up in Western literature by intelligent people. Even now it lives only in the language of educated people; if you say: "You are chasing the blue bird and" - not everyone will understand you.

Why we say: ELEPHANTS

"Elephants to loiter" means: to stagger around idle, loiter. How did these words come about?

They drove the elephant through the streets,
As you can see, for show
It is known that Elephants are a curiosity with us,
So crowds of onlookers followed the Elephant.

This is how I. A. Krylov portrays the case. As if it is clear: "loitering" comes from the word "elephant".

Linguists think that it is not so easy. Asking where did it come from Russian word"elephant"? It has nothing to do with the name of this animal among other peoples.

There is an assumption: the word "elephant" is bookish, invented. Our ancestors thought that the thick legs of an elephant did not bend; to fall asleep, he must "elephant-sya to the tree", that is, lean against the prop and sleep like that. That's why they called him "elephant".

Of course, this is a naive explanation. But then we learned that in the old Russian language, even before the Russian people got acquainted with elephants, the word “sloniti” and even “slonit-sya” already lived. So, perhaps, there was also a close word “elephants” next to him, and it was then transferred to a swaying, careless gait, to walking from wall to wall, from corner to corner? Then the elephant has nothing to do with it: he probably got involved in our phrase later, already simply by the sound similarity of the two words.

You will shrug your shoulders: it was worth starting the explanation if nothing can be said for sure! It was very worthwhile: for you to see by example how complex the history of some of our words can be and how much is still unexplained and unresolved in it.

Why we say: THREE WHALE

They say: "the three pillars of geometry are its several basic postulates and theorems." Three whales - the most important, basic condition, the foundation of something. Why? What's with the whales?

The point is in the most ancient ideas about the structure of the world. Some peoples believed that the Earth is flat and rests on three whales that swim in the boundless oceans of the world. Consequently, these whales were in their eyes the basis of the foundations, the foot of the whole world.

As it happens all the time, the belief is long forgotten, but the reminder of it still lives in the language.

Why We Say: Pharaoh's Cows

One of the Egyptian pharaohs (kings), as the Bible tells, had a strange dream. He saw seven fat (fat) cows and seven skinny ones. The skinny cows ate the fat ones, but they didn't get any fat. The priests explained to the king that this was a prophetic dream: there would be a harvest in Egypt for seven years, and a famine for the next seven.

Pharaoh's skinny cows have become a symbol of people or animals for whom nothing goes for the future, as well as a situation that cannot be remedied at any expense of money and effort.

Why do we say: WALK GOGOL

Everyone knows the surname of N.V. Gogol, but not everyone knows that the word "gogol" means a certain breed of wild ducks. As is typical for many birds from the family of ducks, goldeneyes on land act importantly, waddling, with a protruding chest and a shiny, black-green head “proudly” thrown back. This dignified gait of theirs led to the fact that the words "walk like a gogol" began to be applied to any pompous, dignified gait.

Why do we say: THE KNIGHT'S MOVEMENT

We have already familiarized ourselves with one expression taken from the language of chess players (see “Getting into Time Trouble”). From there came to the Russian phraseological dictionary and the constant fusion "knight's move."

In a game of chess, "to make a knight's move" means: to move a certain piece in a certain way, sharply different from the movement of all the others. They always move in a straight line; the horse walks along a broken line, which complicates observation of him, makes his blows more difficult to foresee, unexpected, as if "insidious".

It was this feature that gave the special expression the opportunity to obtain a secondary, figurative meaning. It broke away from the chess field and in the most diverse areas of life began to designate cunningly, perhaps even with a hint of treachery, a planned attack, blow, evasive maneuver in any struggle: “We made a knight’s move and attacked the Nazis not on the dry part of the isthmus, but through the swamp, bypassing the lake, taking them by surprise ... "

Notice the difference: in the theory of chess, the words “make a knight’s move” do not have the nature of a word-fusion: they can be replaced by others - “knight’s move”, “hit with a knight”, “answer with a knight’s move”, the meaning will remain the same.

However, in a common language with a constant combination of “knight's move”, it is far from always possible to do this: in the example that is given a few lines above, it is impossible to say instead of “made a knight’s move”: “we went from the horse” or “we struck a blow with the horse” - the figurative meaning of the expression will immediately disappear.

Why we say: THE SKIN OF THE UNKILLED BEAR

When someone builds unfounded calculations on nothing, one can say about him: "He divides (or sells) the skin of an unkilled bear." This saying became common among us after the translation into Russian of the fable of the French fabulist La Fontaine (1621 - 1695) "The Bear and the Two Hunters".

The very first meeting of arrogant and narrow-minded youths with a bear - the object of their hunting hopes - ended in failure for them. One barely escaped from the clubfoot, and the other fainted as soon as the bear approached him.

And here is the finale:

A friend asked him:
“Tell me, what did he say in your ear?”
- What should be in order
Kill the bear first.
And after that you can
And fur to sell and drink.

So, what, the saying arose from this fable? The matter is complicated by the fact that in France, in addition to the fable, there is a proverb very close to it with the same edification-moral: "You should not sell the skin of a bear until it is killed." Moreover: exactly the same proverb, and next to it the current expression "sell the skin without killing the bear" exists in Germany. And this convincingly testifies in favor of the version according to which it was not the French proverb that grew out of Lafontaine's parable, but, on the contrary, the cheerful "Vanyusha Lafontaine" (as Pushkin called him) used in his fable a small masterpiece of folk art of his country.

But what about our proverb? Yes, perhaps, it sounds somehow unpopular, somewhat bookish, artificial. Maybe it really appeared with us as a borrowing from the West?

One of the genres of this first written literature was the life, which described the life of people who lived without sin, and after their death the Christian church canonized them as saints. The works of this genre give us an example of a correct (i.e., righteous) life, telling about people who steadily followed the commandments of Christ, walking along the path He indicated. Lives convince us that every person can live righteously. One of these works is "The Life of Sergius of Radonezh". This work helps us to understand, to see many features of the spiritual image of St. Sergius: love of God, great patience, diligence, natural modesty, the ability to remain in the shadows, being a saint for everyone. The theme of apprenticeship, spiritual succession, learning from the good experience of personal life, love will be the main theme in these lessons. It is necessary to emphasize the connection of the spiritual feat of St. Sergius with the revival of Rus' in our time.

In the 4th grade, students get acquainted with the lives of the princes: the holy noble prince Alexander Nevsky (“The Legend of the Life of Alexander Nevsky”), Saints Peter and Fevronia of Murom. The holy noble prince appears before us, first of all, as the defender of the Russian land and the Orthodox faith, the personality of Prince Alexander surprisingly combines the features of a glorious commander, a wise ruler and a faithful Christian. No wonder the name of Prince Alexander in Greek means "protector". Before his death, Prince Alexander takes the highest monastic tonsure - a schema with the name Alexy, which is also translated from Greek as "protector". And this means that both during life and after death, the right-believing Prince Alexander is the defender of the Russian Land.

We usually begin our conversation about Peter and Fevronia by clarifying why these saints are glorified by God. Saints Peter and Fevronia are an example of an ideal Christian family. Their life for more than 8 centuries serves as an example of a proper attitude to church marriage and to each other. This is what we focus on when studying the "Tale ...". The Lives of the Saints have always been the favorite reading of the Russian people.

The teacher needs to constantly repeat the idea that any hagiographic hero is, first of all, a moral model of a person of Ancient Rus'. It would be appropriate to draw parallels with our time: what spiritual qualities were valued by our ancestors, what was their ideal and what is the subject of modern man's aspiration? Who is the modern hero? The possibilities for conversations on moral education are truly inexhaustible.

Didactic material consisting of fragments from Russian folk tales grouped by subject (good/evil, teaching, friendship, courage/cowardice, politeness, thrift, duty, etc.), defining a set of norms, values, attitudes that regulate human behavior, and questions will help students comprehend moral values, taking into account their personal position, determine their significance in the life of a person and society [Gvazava 2003: 38].

The moral aspect of the material allows the teacher to have a conversation with students on the topics: “What moral qualities of a person have been valued at all times and are considered universal values?”, “Why is morality as a norm, value, ideal necessary for the development of human society, civilization as a whole?”, “ What is the instructive meaning of the Russians folk tales? and others. We will show possible methods of working with fairy tales grouped by subject.

Good. Evil

Russian folk tales help to understand what is bad in life and what is good. A fairy tale, as the creation of a whole people, does not tolerate the slightest deviation from goodness and truth, it requires the punishment of any untruth, in it good triumphs over evil. In all fairy tales, goodness is rewarded and evil is punished.

Let's turn to the fairy tale "Morozko". Her main character is a stepdaughter, a hardworking, helpful and meek girl - a "socially disadvantaged character" in her stepmother's house: Everyone knows how to live for a stepmother: you will roll over–bit and untrustworthy–bit... The stepdaughter did all the housework, but she could not please the evil, cruel stepmother. According to the canon of fairy tales, the heroine leaves the house before finding her happiness. The reason - the pest hero (stepmother) drives out: So the stepmother came up with the idea of ​​​​killing her stepdaughter.–Take her, take her, old man,– tells her husband–wherever you want so that my eyes do not see her! Take her to the forest, to the bitter cold.

The character of the stepdaughter is so meek that she does not argue or resist when her own father leaves her in the icy winter forest. And she behaves just as meekly when Morozko tests her character, intensifying and intensifying the frost. The girl's answers are friendly, despite the burning frost. For this, Morozko takes pity on the girl and generously gives her gifts. Wealth as a reward is a characteristic device of folk tales.

The stepmother, imperious, envious and greedy, seeing her stepdaughter unharmed and with rich gifts, tells the old man to take her own daughter to the same place in the forest. The main reason for such envy is clear from the words of the dog: They take the old man's daughter in gold, in silver, but they don't marry the old woman. It is for a dowry that the old woman sends her own, beloved daughter to the cold.

The situation in the forest is repeated: Morozko appears and subjects the girl to a threefold test of cold. She, however, is not endowed with either kindness or meekness and is full of pride. Her answers are rude and irreverent, and Morozko severely punishes this heroine: she dies from the cold.

With such a tragic ending, the folk tale "Frost" shows the reader how cruelly the people condemn envy, greed, anger and oppression of the weak and defenseless, which was the stepdaughter. Behavior bad guys fairy tale, stepmother and her own daughter, causes rejection, and the punishment that the girl suffered is perceived by readers as a triumph of justice.

Courage. Cowardice

In Russian folk tales, noble, courageous deeds of heroes, their moral qualities are described, but there are also such episodes in which cowardice prevails.

In the course of working with fairy tale texts, students reveal the meaning of concepts courage, cowardice, answer the question: "Is it necessary to be brave?"

In "The Tale of the Daring Young Man and Rejuvenating Apples," schoolchildren read about a brave young man: ... The good fellow took his five-pound stick, waved it - and suddenly knocked off five heads of the snake, another time he waved backhand - and knocked off the last two; collected all these heads, put them under the wall, and threw the torso into the sea ...

In the fairy tale "The Fox, the Hare and the Rooster", the rooster acts as a wise assistant to his friend, a daredevil, and the fox is the personification of cowardice.

…

And she heard, she was frightened, she said:

- I'm getting dressed...

Rooster again:

- Cuckoo! I carry a scythe on my shoulders, I want to cut the fox! Come on, fox, get out!

And she says:

- I put on a coat.

Rooster for the third time:

- Cuckoo! I carry a scythe on my shoulders, I want to cut the fox! Come on, fox, get out!

The fox ran out; he cut her down with a scythe and began to live with the bunny and live and make good.

Work. Laziness

In Russian folk tales it is said that labor adorns a person. In the actions and deeds of fairy-tale heroes, industriousness and laziness are opposed. In fairy tales, people's ideas about the role of labor in human life are conveyed, diligence and skill are extolled.

So, for example, in the fairy tales "Frost", "Stepdaughter", "Baba Yaga" it is said about the industriousness of girls left without a mother. They do all the hard work, work day and night tirelessly. These heroines are opposed by others – lazy.

In the fairy tale "By the pike command, according to my desire" it is said about Emelya's laziness: ... The brothers work, and Emelya lies on the stove all day, does not want to know anything ...

In the fairy tale "The Lazy Wife" we read: There lived a husband and wife. The wife was terribly lazy. She didn't want to do anything, and it got to the point where they didn't have a shirt. The husband says: “Wife, why don’t you work?” And the wife replies: “I have no time!”– « Why aren't you spinning?" –“I don’t have a reel, go and go into the forest, cut down a tree and make me a reel, and I’ll start spinning.” The husband took the ax and went into the forest. And she told him where and what tree to cut down; but she herself ran away along another road, found an empty hollow and sat down in it. The husband comes, begins to chop down a tree, and from there she says: “Man, don’t make a reel, your wife will die!” The peasant wanted to do it, and it is a pity that his wife will die; he did not begin to make a reel. And she managed to run ahead of him and lay down on the stove. “Husband, why didn’t you reel?”–"Yeah, that's it."–"That's just the point." Only after some time the peasant again went to work on the reel; she again ran by the other way and shouted the same thing. So he didn't make a reel. And the same for the third time. The fourth time he took it and cut it down. “Let, he says, the wife die, and I will make a reel.” Made a reel, brings home; and his wife came running before him, lay down on the stove. The husband says: “Here’s a reel for you, wife!”–“Well, how am I going to spin? After all, as I sit down, I will die! Here she takes flax, sits down to spin; she spun a thread, another, and the third began to spin,–her hand began to droop, and then she herself fell down; fell down and wheezed, began to die. The husband guessed that she was picky. "Wife, don't die! I will resurrect you!" She does not answer him, the spirit began to be captured. “Wife, how are you ending?” He took her with a whip and began to beat her. As she jumped up, let's run. He beat her until she confessed that it was all from laziness; and since then she has become handicraft, and they began to live well.

Doctrine

In Russian fairy tales, much attention is paid to folk wisdom, teaching, and knowledge. After getting acquainted with the fairy tales of this subject, students can confidently answer the question: “Why is teaching hard work, but necessary for every person?”

The tale "Master and Student" says: Once upon a time there lived an old man and an old woman, and they lived near the city, on the Volga, and they had one son. They were in old age and think to themselves how to accustom their son to something so that he would be their breadwinner. Beyond the Volga, in the city, he was such a craftsman, he taught different languages ​​and different products, and he could turn around in every possible way. He taught young people-children, took them from their fathers and mothers for three years. If he studies for three years, and then his father and mother come for him, –they can take him back, and if they don't come,–it will remain in favor of the teacher. The old man and the old woman thought, and even decided to give their son under apprenticeship ...

Thus, it can be stated that Russian folk tales contribute to the formation of such moral qualities in schoolchildren as courage, courage, devotion, they give an idea, on the one hand, of good and evil, friendship and love, and on the other, of cowardice, vanity. , arrogance, etc. The wisdom and value of a fairy tale is that it reflects, reveals and allows you to experience the meaning of the most important universal values ​​and life meaning in general. From the point of view of everyday meaning, the fairy tale is naive, from the point of view of life meaning, it is deep and inexhaustible.

POETIC TEXT AS A MEANS

SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION

SCHOOLCHILDREN AT LESSONS OF LITERARY READING

Educational impact of science

only then will it be valid,

when it affects more than one mind,

but on the soul and feeling.

Nowadays, the need for spiritual and moral education of schoolchildren is mentioned in the concept of development and education of the personality of a citizen of Russia, developed in the message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly (December 12, 2012) and in other legislative documents of the Ministry of Education Russian Federation[Danilyuk 2011: 7].

Everyone is well aware of the words from the novel "Crime and Punishment": "Youth, educated from inaction, burns out in unrealizable dreams and dreams, becomes deformed in theories." The desire to create a new, without the old ideas about morality, discarding the "old", eternal, inevitably leads to a change in the hierarchy of values, to a change in moral priorities in people's lives and the death of the nation. The degradation of the spiritual sphere of man, especially in recent decades, is associated with the destruction of the state-public education system, which occurred during the period of perestroika. The change in the state system leads to a change in the strategy of spiritual education, the worldview of schoolchildren. According to the opinion, “all countries in the world have experienced this transition periods when one system of values ​​either exhausted itself or was forcibly destroyed, while the other has not yet formed. And the faster and more severely these changes were introduced, the more the losses in the field of public morality were felt" [Nikandrov 2013: 1].

The goal of education at this stage of development of pedagogical thought is a competitive personality with moral principles based on the eternal universal moral law of human existence - love, without which a person will harm himself and others. This law is inherent in human nature.

The development of a sense of patriotism, diligence, honesty, duty, nobility, decency, mercy, compassion, courage, responsibility is the content of the spiritual and moral education of the individual today.

However, doubts involuntarily arise about the compatibility of two principles in the human soul: rivalry, the struggle for profit and love for other people, the ability to sacrifice oneself for the sake of one's neighbor, to yield. Being a competitive person and a highly moral person is a great art, because these are values different types cultures: soteriological, where the spiritual principle dominates over the earthly, and eudemonistic, where earthly pleasure is higher than the spiritual. The dominance of material goods, the passions of greed and gluttony, the cult of pleasure are becoming the main values ​​of the consumer society, a society with "dead souls", "gentlemen from San Francisco".

A person often faces a choice in various life situations, and in order to make it right, it is necessary to have a solidly formed spiritual base. Many modern teachers and psychologists say that education should contribute to the formation of the foundations of the worldview, morality, the development of thinking, will, character, spiritual needs, and abilities of students.

Subjects of the humanitarian cycle have an arsenal of means of spiritual and moral education. Let us consider in more detail the educational possibilities of the poetic, or poetic, word in the lessons of literary reading.

Literary reading occupies a special place in the formation of the spiritual world of a person, his morality. It is sometimes difficult for a modern schoolchild to figure out what is good and what is bad, what values ​​to choose for himself. By reading books, students will be able to understand what real love, freedom of choice, conscience, responsibility.

In the literary reading program, along with the concept of "analysis" of a work of art, the concept of "comprehension" of the text is used, which, of course, is associated with the level of literary development of schoolchildren, their general culture.

The teacher is afraid of the tendency of simultaneous analysis and comprehension of the text. This, according to the scientist, can contribute to the transformation of literature only into an occasion for conversations on moral topics (“human studies”) or, on the contrary, ignoring moral problems, excessive attention to aesthetic issues, without taking into account the age characteristics and interests of students [Berestovitskaya 2004: 38] .

Undoubtedly, when considering poetic works in the classroom at school, it is necessary to harmoniously combine the analysis of the general meaning of the text, the plot and the system of images (if they are present in the analyzed work), artistic details, composition, expressive means with a discussion of moral problems disclosed in the text.

We have analyzed the program of literary reading (authors), included in the educational and methodological complex "School of Russia", from the point of view of the educational potential of poetic works. It is necessary to note the continuity of the moral issues of the poems: nature, relationships between adults and children, friendship. For example, in the 1st grade - poems by S. Mikhalkov, E. Trutneva and others about nature, in the 2nd grade - the poems “There is in the initial autumn ...”, S. Yesenin “Winter sings - calls out”, etc., in the 3rd grade - poems “Spring Thunderstorm”, “Glorious Autumn! ...”, etc., in the 4th grade - poems “Spring Rain”, “September”, etc. Schoolchildren are invited to get acquainted with poems by A. Pleshcheev, S. Yesenin, V. Bryusov, for three years of study in elementary school (grades 2-4).

The program includes poetic texts that allow you to talk about such moral concepts as friendship, courage, respect for elders, love for one's neighbor. In the 1st grade - poems by A. Barto, S. Marshak and others; in the 2nd grade - poems by B. Zakhoder "Songs of Winnie the Pooh", A. Barto "Vovka - a kind soul"; in the 3rd grade - a poem by A. Barto "Separation"; in grade 4 - a fragment from the fairy tale "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Heroes."

There is a noticeable trend towards a decrease in poetic texts by the end of the period of study in elementary school and an increase in prose works. In addition, it is necessary to note the expansion of the problem, its diversity by the fourth year of study. There is an increase in the philosophical sound of poetic texts, the dominance of abstract images, which, of course, is associated with the expansion of the general culture of schoolchildren and age characteristics.

Let us turn to the educational potential of some poetic works intended for compulsory study in elementary school. The poems “A sad time!...” (grade 4), “Spring rain” (grade 4), “Bird cherry” (grade 4) provide rich material for understanding such topics as love for the Motherland, nature, develop a sense of responsibility, patriotism , love for the native language. Therefore, from our point of view, after considering the expressive means, analyzing the artistic merits of the text and the writer's concept, we need to turn to the spiritual and moral aspect of these works.

Highly artistic images, not only positive, but also negative, created in works of art, have a strong impact on readers, some serve as a model for them, to which they aspire, a measure of their moral assessments. The ideals of the poet are expressed in all components of the work, in the creative method and poetic style. The education of spiritual and moral ideals is one of the most important functions of fiction, including poetry.

When analyzing an excerpt from the poem "Schoolboy" (Grade 4), it is necessary to focus on the spiritual qualities of people "glorious" and "cold":

That region has not died yet

What brings out the people

So many glorious, then you know -

So many kind, noble,

Strong loving soul

Among the dull, cold

And pompous.

You can ask students to illustrate their thoughts with specific situations where the true noble strings of people's souls would be revealed, to convey the author's position hidden in these lines. In general, when studying this poetic text, students also consider the problem of compassion (images of a coachman, sexton), labor (“Know work and do not be afraid”), love for the Fatherland, responsibility and freedom of choice.

When reading K. Chukovsky's "Flies - Tsokotukha" (Grade 1), you need to think about love for your neighbor, courage.

Analysis of the "Literary Reading" program helps to reveal the educational possibilities of poetic texts included in the reading circle of elementary school students. Undoubtedly, work on these works should consist not only in the study of their artistic features, the formation of aesthetic taste, but also in the development of the spiritual and moral qualities of younger students.

• to instill love for the Russian language;
• to form an interest in the origin of the Russian language, Russian words, in reading books by Russian authors;
• teach respect for the book.

During the classes

Today the first lesson will be devoted to the most important thing - the Russian language. We will learn a lot of interesting things about the Russian language, its origins, and also why we say that.

We will start our acquaintance with the Russian language with a trip by ship. But for this we need medicinal plants for our medical kit. Having collected the first-aid kit and adding the first letters in the names of medicinal plants, you will find out what the ship will be called.

• This tall plant with bright flowers can be seen on the edges of the forest, in clearings. He has a double name. One of them is given for the fact that tea is prepared from its leaves. (Blooming Sally)
• Branched shrub up to 2 m high with fragrant leaves. The fruit is a multi-seeded black and red berry. Flowering in May-June, fruiting in July-August. (Currant)
• This swamp berry can replace lemon. (Cranberry)
• The birthplace of the next plant is Africa. In the people it is called the agave and is bred as an indoor flower. (Aloe)
• Common name: round cucumber. Homeland - America. Use large white seeds. (Pumpkin)
• Semi-shrub with creeping, prickly, covered with white bloom shoots. The leaves are trifoliate, with rhombic-ovate leaflets. The flowers are white, with many stamens and pistils, collected in thyroid racemes. Fruits - black with a bluish bloom, prefabricated drupes. (Blackberry)
• This plant grows in wastelands, near dwellings, along roadsides, field edges, in weedy places and among shrubs. It has large, broad leaves. As a medicine, the root and the leaf itself are used. (burdock)
• The last letter in the ship's name has no sound.

There are a lot of languages ​​and dialects in the world: English, German, Ukrainian, Belarusian… Russian is our native language. There are students among you for whom Russian is a foreign language. And what is your native language? Everyone who lives in Russia and studies at school, institute, speaks Russian. And we read books in Russian. And at the same time we use the literary Russian language.

Poets of many nationalities wrote about the Russian language. Listen to a poem by the Ukrainian poet Rostyslav Bratun.

I have been the language of Russia since childhood
According to Pushkin's fairy tales
He is the light of an unquenchable dream
Forever settled in my heart.
Lviv was drowning in the autumn night,
And rain, and snow, and thick darkness ...
I saw Tatyana's eyes,
Poltava golden afternoon ...
Oleg calls the combatants.
Pugachev leads people into battle,

fairy tale illuminates
me childhood
Pushkin is a magician.
And “a storm covers the sky with darkness ...”,
But the sun - believed - will rise ...
The day dawns with a new dawn -
Rus' is coming to our rescue!
That book is still with me.
My father taught me about it
Love Russia with all my heart
Her language, her people.

People have long said: “Literacy is a second language”. The centuries-old dream, deep wisdom, clear mind and subtle observation of the working people are contained in this well-aimed proverb.

Ordinary people in tsarist Russia dreamed of being able to read and write. Strive for knowledge. Understanding perfectly well that "without a letter, as without a candle in the dark" and that "learning is light, and ignorance is darkness." But the people's dreams remained dreams for a long time.

Today, literacy has become universal.

In our country, wide access to education and culture is open to everyone. The right of all citizens to education is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

When a literate person speaks. Everyone understands that we are talking about a person who can read and write. But how to understand a skilled engineer possessing the necessary information, knowledge in a particular area ), a competent essay ( free of grammatical and stylistic errors ), competent drawing ( expertly done ), literate student ( able to write and speak grammatically correctly )?

What role does handwriting play in written communication?

About literacy and a sore leg

One illiterate came with a bow to the literate:
- Be a friend, write a letter, otherwise I don’t know how ...
- No I can not. My leg hurts, - he answered gloomily. -
Come back in a week, maybe the disease will pass.
- Do you write with your foot? – the illiterate asked.
- No, I don’t have enough strength to go to the address with the letter.
My handwriting is like this, work at least a whole year,
But no one will understand my letter without me.

Explain the proverb To write - then I write, but I carry reading in a shop.

Can you imagine what the ancient Russian school was like?

Here is how she is depicted in one of the engravings of 1634. Long table, bench between the table and the wall. On the wall is a shelf with books and an obligatory whip. The students are sitting on the benches. They are all bosses. This means that this school is not for the rich, but for ordinary children. The teacher is sitting at the table. In front of him, on his knees, the student answers the lesson. Everyone follows his answer in their books. Immediately another student, guilty of something, awaits punishment.

The school day went on for a long time. Classes began at 7 am and continued until the evening (with a 2-hour lunch break).

So, from dark to dark, the lessons went on in the old Russian school. Each student received a personal task from the teacher: one took the first steps, the other moved on to the “warehouses”, the third was already reading the Book of Hours. And everything had to be learned “by heart”, “by heart”. Each one learned by ear. No wonder the proverb was put together: “ They teach the alphabet - they shout in the whole hut ”.

Learned each letter by its name.

Verb - G

Word ABC represents the addition of the names of the first two letters "az" and "beeches".

How a church clerk taught children in the old days

In the old days, children learned
They were taught by a church clerk, -
Came at dawn
And they repeated the letters like this:
A yes B - like Az and Buki,
B - as Lead, G - Verb.
And a teacher for science
I beat them on Saturdays.
So weird at the beginning
Our letter was!
This is what pen wrote -
From a goose feather!

This knife is not without a reason.
It was called "pencil":
They sharpened their pen,
If it wasn't spicy.
It was difficult to get a diploma
Our ancestors in the old days,
And the girls were supposed to
Don't learn anything.
Only boys were taught.
Deacon with a pointer in his hand
In a singsong voice I read books to them
In Slavonic.

How and who taught children to read and write in the old days?

Why was it “difficult to read and write to our ancestors in the old days”?

What are these "goose wing" feathers?

Why was the knife called "pen"?

Who shouldn't study?

The children of every country have their favorite holidays. One of the favorite holidays of Bulgarian children is the day of Cyril and Methodius. Cyril and Methodius compiled the Slavic alphabet more than 1000 years ago.

The first Russian primer was published in 1574 in Lvov by the first printer Ivan Fedorov. Only one copy of this edition is currently known. This is a small book of 80 pages. It opens with the alphabet from A to Y (Izhitsa), the last letter of the Slavic alphabet.

Read the proverbs and explain how you understand them.

1. Alphabet - the wisdom of the step.
2. Az, beeches and leads are afraid that bears.
3. Sell ​​the caftan, buy a letter.
4. Az yes beeches relieve flour.

At the beginning of the 17th century, Peter the Great reformed the alphabet. Difficult to write letters were replaced by the so-called civil script. We still use this type of letter today.

In 1917 - 1918 there was a new reform, "yat", "izhitsa", "fita", and "er" at the end of the word were excluded from the alphabet.

The letter "f" in the old alphabet was called "fert". The people noticed a funny similarity between the design of this letter and the posture of a man akimbo. At first, the word “fert” meant “hands on the hips, akimbo”, then the expression appeared to walk with a fert. In a figurative sense, it means: "to be a smug dandy, to behave with ostentatious arrogance."

There are two expressions: gogol and go trump. Maybe they went from the name of the letters? It turns out that they have nothing to do with the name of the letters.

The word gogol means a certain breed of wild ducks. Many birds from the family of ducks have a characteristic gait: on land, goldeneyes act importantly, waddling, with a protruding chest and “proudly throwing back their shiny black-green head.” So the expression gogol came to mean any pompous, dignified gait.

And where to go with a trump card?

In Rus', the trump card was one of the signs of boyar greatness. It was a high collar, embroidered with gold, silver and studded with precious stones. The trump card was attached to the collar of an elegant caftan and gave the boyars an haughty look. To play the trump card means to "keep yourself important, arrogant, with a sense of superiority."

The main fund of our language is primordially Russian words. According to scientists, they "make up more than 90% of the words currently used in our language."

Among the original Russian vocabulary, there are:

1. common Slavic words;
2. Old Russian and
3. actually Russian words.

As you know, words with the opposite meaning are called ... antonyms. Antonyms are used for greater expressiveness, for comparison and opposition.

Choose antonyms:

As you know, words that are the same in sound and spelling, but completely different in meaning, are called ... homonyms.

Give examples of homonyms.

Homographs are words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently. To determine their exact meaning is possible only with the help of stress. For example, flour - flour, pier - pier.

Give your examples.

The Russian language is very rich in phraseological units. So, for example, with only one word hand there are more than 50 phraseological turns. Here is some of them:

1. Falls out of hands - does not stick, does not work
2. To take with bare hands - it is easy to overcome
3. Give hands - punish, wean
4. Give a hand to cut off - vouch
5. How without hands - helpless
6. Jack of all trades - handyman
7. Give a hand - help

The game "Who is faster?" Choose phraseological units for the words:

To phraseological expressions, most scientists include proverbs, sayings, winged expressions.

Proverbs and sayings were created by many generations of people. They appeared at a time when there was no written language. For centuries, the people have improved, polished the artistic power and expressiveness of proverbs and sayings.

There are many proverbs about books. “He who reads a lot knows a lot,” says a popular proverb. And it is. Books tell us about our homeland, about its best people, teach us to understand them.

We read books that allow us to become literate people, and this will allow us to consciously choose a profession when we become adults.

People respect proverbs, often use them in their speech, there are many proverbs that reading is the best teaching.

And who knows the proverbs on this topic?

The game "Who will collect the proverb faster."

Competition "Mountain of Proverbs".

This competition has two parts. You will receive an envelope containing word cards. At my command, you will have to collect a proverb from these words, raise your hands when it is ready. Then you need to read it in chorus and explain the meaning.

There is not a single book in the house - the owner's kids are bad.

Choosing a book is like choosing a friend.

The book is not an airplane, but it will take you to distant lands.

A book is a book, but move your mind.

Read books, but don't forget about business.

Competition "Riddles in proverbs and sayings".

Guess the riddle according to proverbs and sayings.:

A good proverb does not hit the eyebrow, but hits it right.

They are the mirror of the soul.

Seven nannies have a child without him.

It does not hurt for someone else's cheek.

They don't look at a gift horse.

You won't tell him.

Without it, the grass will not grow.

He tears iron and beats a bird on the fly.

Here our journey has come to an end. What new did you learn in the lesson?