Repair work cable lines communications.

– previous mechanical damage - 43%;
– direct mechanical damage by construction and other organizations - 16%;
– defects in couplings and end seals during installation - 10%;
– damage to the cable and couplings as a result of ground settlement - 8%;
– corrosion of metal cable sheaths -7%;
– defects in cable manufacturing at the factory - 5%;
– violations during cable laying - 3%;
– aging of insulation due to long-term operation or overloads - 1%;
– other and unidentified reasons - 7%.
Cable line repairs can be simple, which do not require much labor or time, or complex, when the repair lasts several days.
Simple repairs include, for example, such as repair of external covers (jute cover, polyvinyl chloride hose), painting and repair of armor tapes, repair of metal shells, repair of end seals without dismantling the body, etc. The listed repairs are performed in one shift by one team ( link).
Repairs are complicated in most cases by the fact that the cable route passes through difficult sections with many turns, with the intersection of highways and utility lines, at great depths of the cable, and also in winter, when it is necessary to warm the ground.
In his final work I looked into repairing power cables.

Maintenance cable communication lines

The maintenance of cable communication lines includes maintenance and repair.
Maintenance is divided into routine (daily and periodic) and planned preventative.
During routine and scheduled preventative maintenance, the following is carried out:
– technical supervision over the condition of the route and compliance with the rules for the protection of national communications;
– technical supervision of all structures and operation of automation, alarm and telemechanics devices;
– carrying out preventive work;
– control over the electrical characteristics of the cable;
– elimination of identified faults;
– ensuring an emergency supply of cables, fittings and materials (including lightweight cables) to quickly eliminate damage on the line;
– maintaining in good working order and operational condition mechanisms, vehicles, devices, fixtures, tools and special clothing necessary for carrying out planned preventative and emergency recovery work;
– elimination of accidents and damage;
– carrying out security and explanatory work;
– installation of warning signs;
– preparation of linear structures for operation in winter conditions and during floods;
– maintaining technical records;
– prevention of damage associated with ice blasting, soil excavation, cleaning the bottom of reservoirs, and construction of structures in the cable line area.
When carrying out technical supervision during operation it is necessary:
– notify local bodies, authorities, organizations, enterprises, collective farms, state farms and construction sites on the territory or near which the route passes, about the location of the cable and the need for them to comply with the rules for the safety of national communications;
– carry out explanatory work among the population, workers of construction and other organizations and enterprises located along the cable line route on compliance with precautionary measures when working in the cable security zone;
– hand over notices to the relevant organizations and persons about the passage of underground cables with a warning about responsibility for the safety of the cable during the performance of work;
– install warning signs in places where the cable approaches other above-ground and underground structures and in areas of expected construction work;
– carry out continuous supervision in places where excavation and other work is carried out in the cable protection zone and take measures to protect it from damage;
– prevent landslides and soil erosion along the cable route;
– monitor the condition of measuring posts, signal and warning signs, instrumentation and other devices and eliminate any deficiencies noticed.
The operating personnel of the GTS are obliged to periodically inspect sewer and cable structures and monitor their safety and serviceability, and, if necessary, eliminate any problems that have appeared.
damage.

Maintenance of line-cable communication structures Customers include maintenance of fiber-optic communication cables and copper cables. THE MAIN task of maintenance of linear communication structures is to maintain them in a state of full serviceability and readiness for use, as well as timely identification of emergency and damaged areas. The process of maintenance of linear cable communication structures is carrying out control measurements of the parameters of fiber-optic and copper cables, external visual inspection of laid cables to detect external damage and violations of the rules for laying cables in sewers and structures. Control measurements on linear cable communication structures are carried out in accordance with plans and schedules approved by the Customer (if necessary, in the presence of his representative). Based on the results of the measurements performed, Certificates of completed work are drawn up, which indicate the object of measurement, cables suitable for further use and cables requiring repair, and documentation on the measurement results is transferred.

REPAIR OF CABLE AND CABLE LINES

1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR CABLE REPAIR

During the operation of cable lines, for certain reasons, cables, as well as couplings and end seals, fail.

The main causes of damage to cable lines with voltage 1-10 kV are as follows:

1. Previous mechanical damage - 43%.

2. Direct mechanical damage by construction and other organizations - 16%.

3. Defects in couplings and end seals during installation - 10%.

4. Damage to cables and couplings as a result of ground settlement - 8%.

5. Corrosion of metal sheaths of cables - 7%.

6. Defects in cable manufacturing at the factory - 5%.

7. Violations during cable laying - 3%.

8. Aging of insulation due to long-term use or overloads - 1%.

9. Other and unidentified reasons - 7%.

The average data for the last ten years in the Moscow cable network is presented.

In accordance with the requirements of the “Instructions for the use of power cable lines. Part 1. Cable lines with voltage up to 35 kV” each cable line must undergo routine or major repairs.

Current repairs can be emergency, urgent and planned.

Emergency repair is such a repair when, after disconnecting the cable line, consumers of all categories are left without voltage and there is no way to supply voltage through high or low voltage cables, including temporary hose cables, or when the backup line to which the load is transferred is unacceptably overloaded and there is no possibility of further unloading or restriction of consumers is required.

Emergency repairs are started immediately and carried out continuously in the shortest possible time and turn on the cable line and work.

In large urban cable networks and large industrial enterprises, for this purpose, emergency recovery services have been formed from a team or several teams that are on duty around the clock and, at the direction of the dispatch service, immediately go to the scene of the accident.

Urgent repair is such a repair when receivers of the first or especially important second category are deprived of automatic backup power, and for receivers of all categories, the load on the remaining cable lines causes their overload or limitation of consumers. Repair teams begin urgent repairs of cable lines at the direction of the energy service management during the work shift.

Scheduled repair is the repair of all cable lines not listed above, which is carried out according to a schedule approved by the management of the energy service. The cable line repair schedule is drawn up monthly based on entries in walk-through and inspection logs, test and measurement results, as well as data from dispatch services.

Major repairs of cable lines are carried out according to an annual plan, developed annually in the summer for the next year based on operational data.

When drawing up a capital repair plan, the need to introduce new, more modern types of cables and cable fittings is taken into account. It is planned to repair cable structures and all work related to the serviceability of lighting, ventilation, fire-fighting equipment, water pumping devices. The need for partial replacement of cables in certain areas that limit the capacity of lines or do not meet the requirements of thermal resistance in changed operating conditions of the network with increased currents is also taken into account short circuit

Repair of cable lines in operation is carried out directly by the operating personnel themselves or by the personnel of specialized electrical installation organizations.

When repairing existing cable lines, the following work is performed:

preparatory - disconnecting the cable line and grounding it, familiarizing yourself with the documentation and clarifying the brand and cross-section of the cable, issuing a safety permit, loading materials and tools, delivering the team to the work site;

preparation of the workplace - making pits, excavating pits and trenches, identifying the cable to be repaired, fencing the workplace and excavation sites, identifying the cable in the distribution center (TP) or in cable structures, checking the absence of flammable and explosive gases, obtaining a permit for hot work;

preparation for installation - approval of the team, puncturing the cable, cutting the cable or opening the coupling, checking the insulation for moisture, cutting off sections of damaged cable, setting up a tent; laying a repair cable insert;

repair of cable couplings - cutting of cable ends, phasing of cables, installation of couplings (or couplings and terminations);

registration of completion of work - closing the doors of the switchgear, transformer substations, cable structures, handing over keys, backfilling pits and trenches, cleaning and loading tools, delivering the team to the base, drawing up an as-built sketch and making changes to the cable line documentation, report on the completion of repairs;

cable line measurements and testing.

In order to speed up repair work on cable lines, mechanization should be widely used when performing excavation work: pneumatic jackhammers, electric hammers, concrete breakers, excavators, means for heating frozen soil.

Special mobile cable workshops are used to transport repair crews

Cable line repairs can be simple, which do not require much labor or time, or complex, when the repair lasts several days.

Simple repairs include, for example, repairs of external covers (jute cover, PVC hose), painting and repair of armor tapes, repair of metal shells, repair of end seals without dismantling the housing, etc. The listed repairs are carried out in one shift by one team (unit).

Complex repairs include those when it is necessary to replace large lengths of cable in cable structures with preliminary dismantling of the failed cable or laying it in the ground new cable on a section several tens of meters long (in rare cases, hundreds of meters).

Repairs are complicated in most cases by the fact that the cable route passes through complex sections with many turns, with the intersection of highways and utility lines, with a large depth of cable, and also in winter, when it is necessary to warm the ground. When performing complex repairs, a new section is laid cable (insert) and two couplings are mounted

Complex repairs are carried out by one or several teams, and, if necessary, around the clock, using earth-moving mechanisms and other means of mechanization.

Complex repairs are carried out either by the energy service of the enterprise (city networks), or with the involvement of specialized organizations for the installation and repair of cable lines.

2. REPAIR OF PROTECTIVE COVERS

Repair of external jute covering. A cable stretched through pipes, blocks or other obstacles, which has stripped off the impregnated cable yarn and the remaining outer covers to the steel armor, must be restored. Repair is carried out by winding with resin tape in two layers with 50% overlap, followed by coating this area with heated bitumen mastic MB 70 ( MB 90).

Repair of PVC hose and sheaths. The first method of repairing a polyvinyl chloride hose or casings is welding, which is carried out in a stream of hot air (at a temperature of 170-200 ° C) using a welding gun with electrically heated air (Fig. 1) or a gas-air gun (Fig. 2). Compressed air is supplied under pressure 0.98-104 Pa from a compressor, compressed air cylinder, portable unit with a hand pump.

Fig 1. Welding gun PS-1 with electrical heating: - nozzle for hot air outlet, 2 - heating air chamber; 3 - fitting for supplying compressed air, 4 - electrical wire

A polyvinyl chloride rod with a diameter of 4-6 mm is used as a welding additive.

Before welding, areas to be repaired must be cleaned and degreased with gasoline, foreign bodies must be cut out with a cable cutter and protruding edges and burrs must be cut off in places where the hose is damaged.

To repair punctures in small holes and cavities, the damage site in the hose or sheath and the end of the filler rod are heated for 10-15 seconds with a stream of hot air, then the jet is withdrawn, and the end of the rod is pressed and welded to the hose at the heating site. After cooling, making sure that the welding of the rod is strong by lightly tugging it, the rod is cut off.

To seal and level the weld seam, the repair area is heated until signs of melting appear, after which a piece of cable paper folded in three or four layers is pressed onto the heated area by hand. For reliability, the operation is repeated 3-4 times.

To repair a hose or shell that has cracks, slits and cutouts, the end of the filler rod is welded to the entire area of ​​the hose at a distance of 1-2 mm from the damage site.

After making sure that the welding is strong, direct the air stream so that the lower part of the filler rod and both sides of the slot or slot are simultaneously heated. By pressing lightly on the rod, the latter is laid and welded along the crack or slot. Welding of the rod is completed in its entirety at a distance of 1-2 mm from the damage. Then the protruding surfaces of the rod are cut off with a knife and the welded seam is leveled.

Hose or sheath ruptures are repaired using polyvinyl chloride patches or cut cuffs.

The patch is made of plastic so that its edges overlap the tear site by 1.5-2 mm. The patch is welded along the entire perimeter to the hose, and then a filler rod is welded along the resulting seam, and the protruding surfaces of the rod are cut off and the seam is leveled at the welding site.

To repair a hose or sheath using a split cuff, cut off a piece of polyvinyl chloride tube 35-40 mm longer than the length of the damaged area, cut the tube lengthwise and put it on the cable symmetrically to the damaged area. The cuff is temporarily secured with polyvinyl chloride or calico tape with a pitch of 20-25 mm, the end of the rod is welded at the junction of the cuff with the hose (sheath), and then the rod is laid and welded around the end of the cuff. After welding both ends of the cuff to the hose (shell), remove the temporary fastening tapes, weld the rod along the cut of the cuff, cut off the protruding surfaces of the rod and make the final alignment of all welds.

According to the second method, repair of PVC hoses and cable sheaths can be carried out using epoxy compound and glass tape. The surface of the hose or sheath is pre-treated as indicated above, and additionally roughness is created on it using a hog file. The place of damage and beyond its edges at a distance of 50-60 mm in both directions is lubricated with epoxy compound K-P5 or K-176 with hardeners introduced into it. Four to five layers of glass tape are applied over the layer of epoxy compound, each of which is also coated with a layer of compound.

Temporary repairs to hoses and casings to prevent

penetration of moisture under the cable sheath, as well as to prevent the leakage of bitumen composition from under the hose, it is allowed to carry out using adhesive polyvinyl chloride tape with a 50% overlap in three layers with the top layer coated with polyvinyl chloride varnish No. 1. According to the second method, temporary repairs are carried out with LETSAR tape in three layers with 50% overlap.

Painting armor tapes. If, during inspections in cable structures on openly laid cables, damage to the armored covering of the cable is detected by corrosion, they are painted. It is recommended to use heat-resistant pentaphthalic varnishes PF-170 or PF-171 (GOST 15907-70*) or heat-resistant oil-bitumen paint BT-577 (GOST 5631-79*).

The best way to paint is to use a spray gun, or, if it is not available, a brush.

Repair of armor tapes. On openly laid cables, detected sections of destroyed armor tapes are cut off and removed. Temporary bandages are made in places where the tapes are cut. Next to the temporary bands, both tapes are carefully cleaned to a metallic shine and served with POSSu 30-2 solder, after which the grounding wire is secured with bands of galvanized wire with a diameter of 1-1.4 mm and soldered with the same solder. The cross-section of the grounding conductor is selected depending on the cross-section of the cable cores, but not less than 6 mm2.

When tinning and soldering armored tapes, solder fat is used. The duration of each soldering should be no more than 3 minutes. Temporary bandages are removed. An anti-corrosion coating is applied to the exposed area of ​​the shell.

In cases where mechanical impacts are possible on the cable section being repaired, one layer of armor tape is additionally wound around it, which is previously removed from the cable section with intact armor. The tape is wound with 50% overlap and secured with galvanized wire bands. In this case, the grounding conductor must be fluffed out along the entire length of the jumper in order to create a tight fit of the armor around the section of the cable being repaired

3. REPAIR OF METAL SHELLS

If the cable sheath is damaged (cracks, punctures), when there is a leak of oil-rosin composition in this area, the sheath is removed from the cable on both sides of the damage site at a distance of 150 mm from the damage site. The top layer of the belt insulation is removed and checked for moisture in heated paraffin.

If there is no moisture and the insulation is not destroyed, the lead or aluminum sheath is repaired.

A strip 70-80 mm wider than the bare section of the cable and 30-40 mm longer than the circumference of the cable along the sheath is cut out of sheet lead 2-2.5 mm thick. Two filling holes are made in the strip so that they are located above the exposed part of the cable. The strip is thoroughly cleaned of dust and dirt with a rag soaked in gasoline.

The removed semiconductive layer of paper and the top tape of the waist insulation are restored and secured with bandages made of cotton threads. The area is scalded with MP-1 cable mass.

A strip of lead is wrapped around the bare part of the cable so that it extends evenly to the edges of the cable sheath, and the edges of the resulting lead pipe overlap each other by at least 15-20 mm. First, the longitudinal seam is soldered with POSSU 30-2 solder, and then the ends of the pipe are bent to the cable sheath and soldered to it.

For cables with an aluminum sheath, in the place where the lead pipe is soldered, the cable sheath is served with grade A solder. The coupling is filled with hot cable mass MP-1. After cooling and topping up, the filling holes are sealed. A bandage of copper wire is applied to the soldered area at the ends, turn to turn with a diameter of 1 mm with an outlet of 10 mm to the cable sheath and is soldered to the sheath. The repaired area is covered with resin tape in two layers with 50% overlap.

In the event that moisture has penetrated under the sheath or the belt insulation is damaged, as well as the core insulation, the section of cable is cut out along the entire length where there is moisture or damage to the insulation. Instead, a piece of cable of the required length is inserted and two connecting couplings are installed. The cross-section and voltage of the cable must correspond to the cut section.

You can use a different brand of cable for insertion, but its design is similar to the cut section.

4 RESTORATION OF CABLE PAPER INSULATION

In cases where the current-carrying conductors are not damaged, but the conductor insulation and belt insulation are damaged, but there is no moisture in it, the insulation is restored, followed by the installation of a split lead coupling.

The cable is excavated to such a length that it is possible to create sufficient slack in the cable to separate the cores from each other. After dividing the conductors and removing the old insulation, the insulation of the conductors is restored by applying paper rollers or LETSAR tape with pre-treatment with MP-1 scalding mass. A split lead coupling is installed and the longitudinal seam is first soldered, and then the coupling is soldered to the cable sheath.

This repair can be performed on horizontal sections of cable routes, where there is no increased oil pressure, since a coupling with longitudinal soldering has less mechanical strength.

5. REPAIR OF CABLE CONDUCTORS

If the cable cores break at a small length and it is possible to tighten the cable due to the “snake” made during installation, the usual repair of the lead or epoxy coupling is carried out. In the event that there is no supply of cable, extended connecting sleeves and couplings can be used. Repair in this case is carried out with one lead coupling. In all other cases, when repairing current-carrying cable cores, a cable insert is used and two lead or epoxy couplings are installed.

6. REPAIR OF CONNECTING COUPLINGS

The need to repair the coupling or install a cable insert and two couplings is determined after inspecting the coupling and disassembling it.

In the event that a breakdown occurs from the soldering point of the conductor or from the sleeve to the body of the lead coupling and the destruction from the breakdown is small in size and the insulation is not moistened, the coupling is sequentially disassembled and the damaged part of the insulation is disassembled. Then the insulation is restored with paper rollers or LETSAR tape and scalded with mass MP-1. The split coupling body is installed, and all further operations for assembling the coupling are performed.

If a breakdown occurs in the neck of the coupling from the core to the edge of the shell and the insulation is not moistened, the coupling is disassembled. Then a section of the armor and sheath is cut to the length necessary for convenient separation of the cores. The insulation of the damaged core is restored and scalding is performed. The extended split lead coupling body is installed and all coupling installation operations are performed.

If it is impossible to make an extended coupling due to large damage, then cable insertion is used with the installation of two couplings according to the technology provided for in the technical documentation.

In most cases, damage to couplings occurs during preventative testing increased voltage. And if repairs are not started immediately after determining the location of the damage, moisture begins to enter the coupling. In this case, repair of the damaged coupling is carried out by cutting out the defective coupling and cable sections. As a rule, the longer a damaged and unrepaired coupling lies in the ground, the longer the cable insertion has to be made for restoration when repairing a cable line.

7. REPAIR OF END COUPLINGS FOR EXTERNAL INSTALLATION

End couplings for outdoor installation in most cases fail during rainy periods of the year or at high relative humidity and, as a rule, have large defects and destruction inside the coupling. Therefore, the damaged coupling is cut off, the cable insulation is checked for moisture, and if the paper insulation is not moistened, the coupling is installed in accordance with the requirements of the technical documentation. If the cable length at the end of the line has sufficient margin, then repairs are limited to installing only the end coupling. If the cable supply is not enough, then a cable of the required length is inserted at the end of the cable line. In this case, it is necessary to install connecting and end couplings.

Dismantled couplings can be used for re-installation. But to do this, it is necessary to clean the housing and all parts of the coupling from soot, wash them with gasoline and dry them.

In outdoor installation end couplings with a metal casing, check the seals and tighten the nuts once a year during the entire period of operation. At the same time, inspect the contact connections and, if necessary, clean the contact surfaces and tighten the bolts.

Systematically (as needed according to the inspection results) the soldering areas, reinforcement seams and seals are painted with XB-124 enamel.

The surface of epoxy end couplings for outdoor installation must be painted with air-drying enamels EP-51 or GF-92HS during operation (once every 3-5 years, depending on local conditions). Painting is carried out in dry weather, having previously cleaned the surface of the coupling and insulators

The insulators of the terminations of external and internal installations, as well as the insulating surfaces of the terminations, must be periodically cleaned of dust and dirt with a lint-free cloth moistened with gasoline or acetone. Cable termination fittings in workshops should be cleaned more frequently industrial enterprises and areas with conductive dust

The frequency of wiping and cleaning the cable end fittings at a given electrical installation is determined by the chief engineer of the local power company.

8. REPAIR OF END SEALS

If the termination body is destroyed and the cores in the spine are burnt out, the repair of the terminations is carried out in the same way as the repair of end couplings, with the exception that the termination body and parts cannot be reused.

Repair of end seals in steel funnels in case of destruction of the core insulation is carried out in the following sequence - the destroyed core insulation or has become unusable (pollution, moisture) is removed from the cores, one layer of paper insulation is wound up, winding is carried out in five layers with a 50% overlap of adhesive polyvinyl chloride tape or three layers of rubberized tape followed by coating with insulating tapes or paints. Instead of the indicated tapes, repairs can be performed using LETSAR tape (two layers) and PVC tape (one layer).

In case of cracking, peeling, partial failure and significant contamination of the filling composition, especially when these defects are accompanied by a noticeable displacement of the cores between themselves or towards the funnel body (which can in turn be caused by an incorrect position or absence of a spacer plate), the steel funnel should be completely refilled.

The old filling compound is removed (melted), the funnel is lowered down and cleaned of soot and dirt. A new seal is rolled up (under the funnel), and the funnel is put in place.

The neck of the funnel is wrapped with resin tape, and the funnel along with the cable is attached to the supporting structure with a clamp. The correct position of the porcelain bushings is checked. The funnel is filled with a filling compound (MB-70, MB-90).

Repair of end seals made of polyvinyl chloride tapes is carried out in the presence of an impregnating composition in the spine or on the cores, in case of cracking and breaks of the tapes.

The repair technology consists of dismantling old tapes and winding new PVC or LETSAR tapes on the cores.

Repair of epoxy end seals in case of destruction of windings on the cores is carried out with the dismantling of old tapes, restoration of new LETSAR tapes and additional filling of epoxy compound so that the tapes extend into the poured compound by at least 15 mm.

When the impregnating composition flows through the cable in the root of the seal, the lower part of the seal in a section of 40-50 mm and at the same distance the section of armor or sheath (for unarmored cables) are degreased. A two-layer winding made of cotton tape lubricated with an epoxy compound is applied to the grease-free section of the termination body and the adjacent cable section 15-20 mm wide. A repair mold is installed (Fig. 3), which is filled with epoxy compound.

Rice. 3. Installation of a repair form to eliminate leakage of the impregnating composition at the point where the cable enters the termination body:

1 - seal body, 2 - repair form; 3 - leak location

Rice. 4. Installation of a repair form to eliminate a leak at the point where the cores exit the casing:

1 - repair form; 2 - leak location, 3 - seal body

If the tightness is broken at the point where the conductors exit the termination body, the upper flat part of the termination body and sections of tubes or winding of conductors 30 mm long adjacent to the housing are degreased. A removable repair form is installed (Fig. 5 4), the dimensions of which are selected depending on the standard size of the seal. Filling the mold with the compound is done in the same way as in the previous case.

If the tightness on the conductors is broken, the defective section of the tube or conductor winding is degreased and a repair is applied.

two-layer winding made of cotton tapes with generous coating of each turn of the winding with epoxy compound or LETSAR tape in three layers.

If the tightness at the junction of the tube or winding with the cylindrical part of the tip is broken, the surface of the bandage and the section of the tube or winding of the core with a length of 30 mm are degreased. A two-layer winding of cotton tapes is applied to the fat-free areas with a generous coating of compound on each turn of the winding. A dense bandage of twisted twine is placed on top of the winding and also coated with an epoxy compound.

Preface
1. General instructions
1.1. Basic provisions for the design and operation of local communication network lines
1.2. Composition of linear structures of local communication networks
2. Characteristics of equipment, cables, wires and fittings used on the lines of local communication networks
2.1. Cables and wires
2.1. Cables and wires
2.2. Cable termination devices
2.3. Supports and attachments of overhead lines
2.4. Linear fittings
3. Basic operational and technical requirements for linear structures of local communication networks
3.1. General requirements
3.2. Requirements for cable lines, cable entries and cable termination devices
3.3. Requirements for overhead pole lines
3.4. Requirements for overhead rack lines
3.5. Requirements for the protection of linear structures of local communication networks from hazardous voltages and currents
4. Organization of technical operation of linear structures of local communication networks
4.1. General provisions
4.2. Methods of technical operation of linear structures of city telephone networks
4.3. Methods of technical operation of linear structures of rural telephone networks
4.4. Planning, control and accounting of completed work
4.5. Technical equipment of linear units
4.6. Technical documentation
4.7. Supervision of the safety of linear structures and safety precautions
5. Maintenance of linear structures
6. Elimination of damage to cable, overhead and mixed lines
7. Current repairs of linear structures
8. Major repairs of linear structures
Appendix 1 Characteristics of linear wire and wires used on lines of local communication networks
Appendix 2 Characteristics of supports used on pole lines of local communication networks
Appendix 3 Overall dimensions of reinforced concrete attachments
Appendix 4 DC electrical standards for unsealed, in-service, cable, overhead and mixed lines of local communication networks
Appendix 5 Electrical standards for alternating current for unsealed, in operation, cable, overhead and mixed lines of local communication networks
Appendix 6 Standards for electrical characteristics of reinforcing (regeneration) sections of cable connecting (interstation) lines of STS, compacted by transmission systems (at a temperature of 20 ° C)
Appendix 7 Minimum permissible distances between a communication cable laid in the ground or a cable duct and other structures
Appendix 8 Dimensions of overhead cables
Appendix 9 Dimensions of overhead lines of local communication networks
Appendix 10 Normal and maximum span lengths of overhead lines of local communication networks
Appendix 11 Depth of burying supports and attachments of pole lines of local communication networks
Appendix 12 Wire sag arms
Appendix 13 Standards for annual consumption of materials, fittings and equipment for operational maintenance and routine repairs of pole lines
Appendix 14 Standards for annual consumption of fittings and materials for operational maintenance and routine repairs of rack lines
Appendix 15 List of tools and equipment for electricians servicing overhead lines
Appendix 16 List of basic tools for a local electrician
Appendix 17 Work order form for current repairs of linear structures
Appendix 18 Form of act for acceptance of work on current repairs of linear structures

Rules for the maintenance and repair of cable, overhead and mixed local communication networks

Approved Ministry of Communications Russian Federation Developed Leningrad Industrial Research Institute of Communications

CHARACTERISTICS OF LINEAR WIRE AND WIRE USED ON LINES OF LOCAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

1. Table P. 1.1.
2. Material and diameters of linear and dressing wires
3. (note)Note. *) only for remote subscribers.(/note)
4. Table A. 1.2.
5. Design characteristics of linear insulated wires
6. GTS STSSteel-copper bimetal with rubber insulation 1.2 1.2and braided from impregnated cotton yarn, brand PSBA 1.5 1.5Bimetal steel-copper with weather-resistant 1.2 1.2rubber insulation brand PSBAR 1.6 1.6Bimetal steel-copper with polyethylene - 3.0insulation of the PSBAP brand and polyvinyl chloride insulation of the PSBAV brand - 4.0Bimetal steel-copper with polyvinyl chloride insulation brand PSBAVGalvanized steel with polyethylene - 2.0PRSP and polyvinchloride insulation - 3.0insulation brand PRSV - 4.0Galvanized steel with polyethylene 1.4 1.4insulation of the PPZh brand and polyvinyl chloride insulation of the PVZh brand 1.8 1.8

   Wire material and grade	Diameter of conductor, mm
   1,2	1,2

7. Table P. 1.3.
8. Insulation resistance and dielectric strength of insulated wires

Characteristics of supports used on pole lines of local communication networks

1. Table A. 2.1.
2. Characteristics of reinforced concrete supports
3. Table A. 2.2.
4. Dimensions of intermediate wooden supports for hydraulic transmission lines
5. (note)Notes: 1. For end and corner supports, you should select logs from those with the largest diameter.(empty_string)(empty_string)2. On type Y lines, supports with a diameter increased by no more than 2 cm compared to those indicated in the table can be used. (empty_string)(empty_string)3. In some cases, it is allowed to use logs 6.5 m long on hydraulic structures and install them on reinforced concrete attachments.(/note)
6. Table A. 2.3.
7. Dimensions of intermediate wooden supports for STS lines with a dimension of 3 m
8. Table A. 2.4.
9. Volumetric weight of logs of various species in a semi-dry state

OVERALL DIMENSIONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ATTACHMENTS

DC electrical standards for unsealed, in-service, cable, overhead and mixed lines of local communication networks

1. 1. The electrical resistance standards for cable line circuits are given in Table. P.4.1.
2. Table P. 4.1.
3. Electrical resistance of 1 km of cable line circuits to direct current at a temperature of plus 20 ° C
4. (note)*) For cables of TP and STP types (GOST 22.498-88) - 191.8(/note)
5. 2. The asymmetry (difference) of the DC resistance of the cable line cores should be no more than 1% of half the value of the circuit resistance.
6. 3. The electrical insulation resistance of cable line cores is given in table. P.4.2.
7. Table A. 4.2.
8. Electrical insulation resistance of current-carrying conductors of a cable line at a temperature of plus 20 ºС
9. Without end devices With end devices1. TG, TGShp, TB, TBpShp, TBG, TK, TKpShp, TStShp, TAShp, TAShp 8000 10002. TPP, TPPep, TPPB, TPPep, B, TPPBT, TPPep BT, TPPBbShp, TPPt, TPV, TPVBG, STPAPP, STPAPPB, STPAPPBT, STPAV, STPAPBP For 100% of values ​​- 6500 for 80% of values ​​- 8000 10003. TPPZ, TPPepZ, TPPZB, TPPepZB, TPPZBbShp, TPPepZBbShp 5000 10004. KTPZBBbShp 5000 10005. TZG, TZB, TZBp, TZBn, TZBG, TZBlG, TZK, TZKl 10000 30006. For lines from cables of the PRPPM and PRPVM brands in operation- up to 1 year 10000 3000- from 1 to 5 years - 75- from 5 to 10 years - 10over 10 years - 3

   Cable brand	Core insulation resistance, MOhm. km, no less, for lines

10. (note)Note. For lines with terminal devices less than 1 km in length, the standards apply to the entire length of the lines.(/note)
11. 4. Standards for electrical overhead lines are given in table. P.4.3.
12. Table A. 4.3.
13. Electrical standards for direct current of overhead pole and rack lines at a temperature of plus 20 ° C
14. Parameter name Norm 1 2 1. Electrical resistance of the circuit wire, calculated per 1 km of length, Ohm, no more than:- steel cuprous diameter:1.5 mm 82.632.0 mm 46.472.5 mm 29.743.0 mm 20.654.0 mm 11.615.0 mm 7.43- ordinary steel diameter:1.5 mm 78.102.0 mm 43.922.5 mm 28.113.0 mm 19.524.0 mm 10.985.0 mm 7.03- bimetallic grade BSM-1 with diameter:1.2 mm 47.301.6 mm 26.002.0 mm 16.402.5 mm 11.103.0 mm 7.104.0 mm 4.00- bimetallic grade BSM-2 with diameter:1.2 mm 58.001.6 mm 32.002.0 mm 20.002.5 mm 13.903.0 mm 9.004.0 mm 5.00- bimetallic grade BSA-KPP with diameter:4.3 mm 4.005.1 mm 3.00- insulated steel grades PPZh and PVZh with diameter:1.4 mm 110.001.8 mm 70.002. Asymmetry (difference) of electrical resistance of wires in the operating circuit (along the length of the amplification section), Ohm, no more:- steel wires with a diameter of up to 3 mm, 10- steel wires with a diameter of 4 and 5 mm 5- wires made of non-ferrous metals and bimetallic wires 53. Electrical resistance of the wire insulation in relation to the ground at a relative air humidity of 98% and a temperature of plus 20 °C, MOhm.km, not less than 1The electrical insulation resistance between the wires must be equal to the sum of the insulation resistances of both wires with respect to ground4. The difference in electrical resistance of wire insulation at a relative air humidity of 98% and a temperature of plus 20 °C, %, no more than 30
15. 5. Electrical parameters of mixed lines containing sections of cable and overhead lines must be no worse than homogeneous communication lines and correspond to the values ​​​​given in table. P.4.4.
16. Table A. 4.4.
17. Electrical standards for direct current of mixed lines at a temperature of plus 20 ° C
18. (note)Note. R1 - electrical resistance to direct current of wires of the overhead section of the line; R2 - electrical resistance to direct current of the cores of the cable section of the line.(/note)

Electrical standards for alternating current for unsealed, in-service, cable, overhead and mixed lines of local communication networks

1. 1. The normalized values ​​of the working capacity of cable line circuits are given in Table P.5.1.
2. Table P. 5.1.
3. Operating electrical capacity of cable line circuits at a frequency of 800 Hz, recalculated for 1 km of circuits
4. 2. Largest acceptable standards The attenuation of circuits of local communication networks is given in Table A. 5.2.
5. Table A.5.2.
6. Attenuation standards for local communication networks in sections of a linear path at a frequency of 800 Hz
7. 3. The permissible values ​​of transient attenuation at the near end of lines of local communication networks are given in Table A.5.3.
8. Table A. 5.3.
9. Norms of transient attenuation at the near end of lines of local communication networks at a frequency of 800 Hz
10. 4. The values ​​of permissible powers of psosometric and unweighted noise (interference) for subscriber and connecting lines circuits of local communication networks are given in Table A.5.4.
11. Table P. 5.4.
12. Power standards for psosometric and unweighted noise (interference) of day circuits of subscriber and connecting lines of local communication networks

Standards for electrical characteristics of reinforcing (regeneration) sections of cable connecting (interstation) lines of STS, compacted by transmission systems (at a temperature of 20 ° C)

1. The electrical characteristics of the circuits of installed lines from one and two-four cables, compacted by transmission systems with frequency and time division of channels (FRC and TDC) must comply with the standards for permanent and alternating currents:
2. - the resistance of the DC circuits should not exceed the values ​​​​indicated in the table above. P.4.1;
3. - the asymmetry of the DC resistance of the cable line circuit cores should be no more than 1.5 Ohms per amplification (regeneration) section;
4. - the insulation resistance between each core and the other cores connected to the screen (armor) and grounding, depending on the service life, must correspond to the values ​​given in table. P.6.1;
5. - the insulation resistance of the sheath (hose) relative to the ground must be at least 1.0 MOhm.km during the entire service life of the cable;
6. - the operating capacity of the circuit, depending on the service life, must correspond to the values ​​​​given in the table. P.6.2;
7. - the electrical insulation strength between all cores connected together and the screen, as well as each core in relation to other cores connected to the screen, must be at least 1500 V direct current;
8. - transition attenuation between circuits at the near end at half frequencies for digital transmission systems and the maximum values ​​of attenuation of regeneration sections must correspond to the values ​​​​given in table. P.6.2;
9. Table A. 6.1.
10. Standards for insulation resistance of cable circuit cores
11. Table A. 6.2.
12. Norms of working capacity of circuits
13. x) Values ​​in parentheses are for cables manufactured before 01/01/87.
14. - the electrical insulation strength between all cores connected together and the screen, as well as each core in relation to other cores connected to the screen, must be at least 500 V DC;
15. - transition attenuation between circuits at the near end at frequencies for digital transmission systems and the maximum value of operating attenuation of regeneration sections must correspond to the values ​​​​given in table. P.6.3;
16. Table A. 6.3.
17. Norms of transition attenuation between circuits at the near end and maximum values ​​of attenuation of regeneration sections
18. - transition attenuation between circuits at the near end (Ao) and protection at the far end (Az) in the entire range of frequencies used for transmission systems with frequency division of channels, as well as the maximum values ​​of the operating attenuation of the amplifying sections must correspond to the values ​​​​given in table. P.6.4.
19. Table A. 6.4.
20. Norms of transition attenuation at the near end and protection at the far end between circuits compacted by transmission systems about the FRC, and the maximum values ​​of the operating attenuation of the amplifying sections

The smallest permissible distances between a communication cable laid in the ground or a cable duct and other structures

1. during parallel passage at intersections (vertical) 1 2 3 Water pipeline with a diameter of up to 300 mm inclusive 0.50 0.25/0.15The same, over 300 mm 1.00 0.25/0.15Sewerage, drainages and drains 0.50 0.25/0.15Heat pipes 1.00 0.25/0.15Gas pipelines (regardless of pressure) 1.00 0.50/0.15Power cables 0,50 0,50/0,15 Cable drainage (from blocks and wells) 0.25 0.1Railways and highways (from the edge of the base of the embankment) 5.0 not less than 1 from the roadbed or base of rails and 0.8 below the bottom of the ditch, if anyTram tracks 2 from nearest rail 1 below the bottom of the railGeneral collectors for underground networks 1.0 -From the red line of houses 1.5 -Side stone of the street, roads 1.5 -Tree trunks 1.5 -Walls or supports of tunnels and guideways (at or below the foundations) 0.5 -Embankments or canal edges 1.0 from the bottom of the embankment or canal edge -Irrigation channels 1.5 from the edge of the canals in non-subsidence soils -Masts and supports contact network, outdoor lighting and communication networks 0.5 -Communication cables for backbone, intra-area networks and connecting lines for local networks using transmission systems 0.5/0.25 (subject to manual trench development) -/0.1STS cables with transmission systems KNK-6T, KNK-12, IKM-12M, etc. In one trench or in one cable duct -/0.1unsealed single-pair cables STS 0.1/- when laid in parallel over a length of no more than 5 km together in one trench -/0.1Class I radio broadcasting network cables 1.0 -/0.25Class II radio broadcasting network cables 0.5 -/0.25Road and railway bridges over non-navigable rivers 50 - 100 downstream -

   Name of structures	Minimum distance to communication cables and cable duct, m

2. (note)Note. The numerator indicates the distances when laying cables directly in the ground, and the denominator - in pipes, and in the absence of a fraction - in special cases.(/note)

Overhead cable dimensions

1. 1. Distance between two overhead cables at their intersection at lowest and highest highest temperatures ah 0.62. Vertical distance between intersecting communication cables and a power line with a voltage of no more than 1 kV 1.253. The distance between the lowest point of the cable and the roof ridge is 1.54. The distance between the overhead cable and the head rail when crossing normal and narrow gauge railway tracks is 7.55. Distance between cable and rope carrying contact wire electrified railway 2,0 6. Distance from the cable at the intersection with contact wires tram or trolleybus to the head rail for a tram or to the surface of the road surface for a trolleybus 8.07. Distance from the ground to the cable at crossings through highways, dirt roads, field (steppe) roads 5.58. Distance from ground to cable within populated areas 4.59. Distance from tree branches to cable 1.2510. Distance from the top of the tallest masts of ships passing along a given waterway during the highest flood to the cable when crossing rivers and canals 1.0

Overall dimensions of overhead lines of local communication networks

1. Dimension name Minimum size, m 1 2 Distance from the ground to the bottom wire for lines running along railways outside populated areas 2.5Distance from the ground to the bottom wire for lines running along highways or dirt roads outside populated areas 3.0Distance from the ground to the bottom wire of lines passing within the boundaries of a populated area 4.5Distance from the ground to the bottom wire of lines when crossing highways 5.5Distance from the ground to the bottom wire of the subscriber input above the sidewalk; vegetable garden, garden 3.0The distance between the bottom wire of the lines and the rail head when crossing a normal and narrow gauge railway track is 7.5Distance from the lowest point of the lines when crossing rivers and canals to the highest masts of ships at the highest water level 1.0The distance from the lowest point of the line wire to the highest point of the rafting gauge at the highest flood level of the crossed rafting rivers and canals is 1.0Vertical distance from the road surface toguy support when crossing the guy:- pedestrian sidewalks 3.5- passages 5.5Distance from the ground to the bottom wire of the line in the overpass window 3.0Distance between the lowest point of the overpass and the top wire of the line (at the lowest temperature) 0.5The horizontal distance between the line wire and the overpass window is 1.25The distance between the bottom point of the line wire and the roof ridge is 1.5The distance between the bottom wire of one and the top wire of another line MTS, STO and GTS when they intersect each other for the lowest and highest temperatures 0.6The distance between the bottom wire of the RS feeder circuit and the top wire of the local communication network line when they intersect is 1.25The distance between the axes of communication line supports running parallel to each other if there are circuits on one or both lines, sealed with equipment of a three-channel system, or unsealed circuits, as well as if there is a non-ferrous metal chain on one of the lines, sealed with equipment of a 12-channel system 8, 5The horizontal distance from the line supports to the head of the nearest rail when the line is located along the railway is 1.3 times the height of the overhead part of the supportHorizontal distance from the edge of the roadbed to the base of the supports of a line located along the road Support heightHorizontal distance from the edge of the roadbed to the base of the transition supports (or supports) of the line crossing the road Support heightThe horizontal distance between the wire closest to the building and the vertical plane passing through the edge of the cornice, balcony, lantern or other protruding part of the building is 2.25Horizontal distance from underground pipelines (water, gas, oil and heat pipelines, as well as sewer pipes) to the base of line supports 1.0Horizontal distance from fire hydrants, wells (manholes) and water dispensers to line supports 2.0Distance from gas stations to line supports 5.0Distance from tree branches to line wires:- in the city 1.25- in the suburbs and rural areas 2.0Horizontal distance from underground communication cables and RS to line supports 1.0

Normal and maximum span lengths of overhead lines of local communication networks

1. Table P. 10.1.
2. Normal wire span length (distance between adjacent supports) of overhead lines
3. (note)Note. On subscriber lines, the span length can be reduced so that no more than four inputs are made from one support(/note)
4. Table P. 10.2.
5. Maximum permissible span lengths of pole overhead lines
6. The span length of the rack-mounted hydraulic structure line, as a rule, should not exceed 80 m. If this is not feasible, the span may be increased to 100 m.

Application
to SNiP from 07 October 1996 No. B/N

1. Depth of burying supports and extensions of pole lines of local communication networks
2. (note)Note. In soft soils (category 1) and on hillsides with a slope of 45° or more, holes are dug 15 cm deeper.(/note)

Wire sag arrows

1. Table P. 12.1.
2. Sag arrows for steel and bimetallic (steel-copper) wires with a diameter of 1.2 - 2.0 mm, suspended on pole supports
3. Table P. 12.2.
4. Sag arrows for steel and bimetallic (steel-copper) wires with a diameter of 2.5 - 5 mm, suspended on pole supports
5. I II Ш 35.7 40 50 62.5 83.3 -55 -40 -25 8 10 15,5 24 42 -50 -35 -20 8,5 10,5 16,5 25,5 45 -45 -30 -15 9 11,5 18 27,5 48 -40 -25 -10 10,0 12,5 19,5 30 52 -35 -20 -5 11 14 21,5 33 56 -30 -15 0 12,5 15,5 23,5 35 59 -25 -10 5 14 17 25,5 38 63 -20 -5 10 16,5 19 28 41 68 -15 0 15 17,5 21 31 45 73 -10 5 20 19,5 23,5 34 49 78 -5 10 25 22 26,5 37 53 82 0 15 30 24,5 29,5 41 56 87 5 20 35 27,5 32 44 60 92 10 25 40 30 35 48 65 97 15 30 45 33 38 51 69 102 20 35 50 36 41 54 73 106 25 40 55 38 44 57 77 110 30 45 60 41 47 60 81 114

   Temperature, °C for zone			Wire sag, cm, with span length, m

6. Table P. 12.3.
7. Sag arrows of steel-aluminum wires grade BSA - KPL with a diameter of 4.3 - 5.1 mm, suspended on pole supports
8. 1 2 3 35,7 40 50 62,5 83,3 100 -55 -40 -25 8 10 15,5 24 42 53 -50 -35 -20 9,5 10,5 16,5 25,5 46 68 -45 -30 -15 11 11,5 18 27,5 50 73 -40 -25 -10 13 12,5 19,5 30 55 78 -35 -20 -5 15 14 21,5 33 60 84 -30 -15 0 17,5 16,5 24 36 64 90 -25 -10 5 20 19 27,5 40 69 96 -23 -5 10 22,5 22 31 44 75 102 -15 0 15 25,5 26 35 49 81 108 -10 5 20 28 29 39 54 87 115 -5 10 25 32 33 43 59 92 122 0 15 30 36 38 49 63 98 128 5 20 35 39 42 52 68 104 134 10 25 40 43 46 57 74 110 141 15 30 43 46 50 60 78 116 148 20 35 50 50 54 64 83 121 153 25 40 55 53 57 67 87 125 159

   Temperature zone			Wire sag, cm, with span length, m

9. Table P. 12.4.
10. Sag arrows of steel-aluminum stranded wires of grades AS-10, AS-16 and AS-25, suspended on pole supports
11. I II III 35.7 40 50 62.5 83.3 -55 -40 -25 6 7 12 20 39 -50 -35 -20 6,5 8 13 22 41 -45 -30 -15 7 9 14 24 43 -40 -25 -10 7,5 10 15 27 48 -35 -20 -5 8 11 17 30 54 -30 -15 0 9 12 20 35 61 -25 -10 5 10 13 23 40 69 -20 -5 10 11 15 28 46 77 -15 0 15 13 18 33 52 85 -10 5 20 16 21 38 59 92 -5 10 25 19 25 44 67 100 0 15 30 23 30 51 74 110 5 20 35 27 34 58 81 118 10 25 40 32 39 64 88 125 15 30 45 36 44 70 95 132 20 35 50 41 49 77 108 139 25 40 55 45,5 54 85 109 146 30 45 60 51 60 92 117 153

    Temperature, °C for zone			Sag arrows for steel-aluminum wires of grades AC-10; AS-16 and AS-25, with span length, m

Standards for annual consumption of materials, fittings and equipment for operational maintenance and routine repairs of pole lines

1. Table P. 13.1.
2. Materials, fittings and equipment for operational maintenance and current repairs of pole line supports
3. 1 2 3 1. Paint for numbering supports kg 0.102. Bolts with nuts and washers kg 0.353. Tar paper nails kg 0.0154. Capercaillie pcs. 0.395. Roofing iron for numbering supports impregnated with oil antiseptics kg 0.066. Various paints kg 0.037. Drying oil kg 0.0328. Struts pcs. 0.1329. Reinforced concrete attachments for strengthening supports:single pieces 0.88double pieces 1.7210. Wire - rod for clamps kg 5.011. Galvanized wire with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm for guy wires, grounding, lightning rods kg 0.612. Furnace wire for bandages kg 0.0413. Pillars for replacing supports pcs. 0.8714. Pillars for strengthening supports with supports pcs. 0.3615. Strip steel kg 0.0616. Sawn timber for platforms and gutters m3 0.00417. Wooden crossbars pcs. 0.4418. Screws for sewing gutters kg 0.00319. Putty for gutters kg 0.00620. Fused bitumen for waterproofingbandage method kg 0.524long soaking kg 0.15021. Soluble bitumen for waterproofing:bandage method kg 0.243long soaking, “osmosis” kg 0.7822. Solvent (kerosene, solvent - naphtha) for waterproofing:bandage method kg 0.135long-term soaking, “osmosis” kg 0.42023. Roofing felt (roofing felt, bituminized paper, etc.) m2 0.37424. Sodium fluoride:bandage method; kg 0.75"osmosis" kg 3.025. Extract of sulfide liquors:bandage method kg 0.09"osmosis" kg 0.36
4. Table P. 13.2.
5. Materials and fittings for operational maintenance and current repair of pole line wires
6. Name Unit of measurement Norm of annual consumption per 1 km of line 1 2 3 1. Block rope, kg 0.0132. Porcelain insulators:TF-20 pcs. 0.71TF-12, TF-16 pcs. 0.763. Heel kg 0.0144. Bracket for crossing pcs. 0.0055. Steel hook pcs. 0.0646. Hanging hook pcs. 0.017. Copper tape (foil) for tying bimetallic wires kg 0.0068. Aluminum tape (foil) for tying steel-aluminum wires kg 0.0039. Asphalt varnish kg 0.00610. Marble flour kg 0.0511. Crossing pad pcs. 0.0112. Solder POSSu-40-2 kg 0.00313. Solder POSSu-30-2 kg 0.00114. Linear steel wire, diameter, mm:5 kg 0.214 kg 0.503 kg 0.502 kg 0.511.5 kg 0.7515. Steel dressing wire, diameter, mm2.5 kg 0.152 kg 0.121.2 - 1.5 kg 0.0416. Copper linear wire diameter, mm:4 kg 0.203 - 3.5 kg 0.1917. Copper dressing wire, diameter, mm:2.5 kg 0.172 kg 0.131 kg 0.0518. Bimetallic (steel-copper) linear wire, diameter, mm:4 kg 0.293 kg 0.272 kg 0.201.2 kg 0.3019. Bimetallic (steel-copper) dressing wire, diameter, mm:2.5 kg 0.162.0 kg 0.1320. Linear steel-aluminum wire kg 0.9021. Aluminum dressing wire with a diameter of 3 mm kg 0.1022. Control compression pcs. 0.0123. Matches for thermal cartridges pcs 0.524. Thermal cartridge pcs. 0.3525. Copper tubes for copper and bimetallic wires pcs. 0.08526. Aluminum tubes pcs. 0.0527. Pins with nuts and washers pcs. 0.0428. Crossing wire for cable boxes m 0.07329. Wire for subscriber inputs STS m 1.36230. PVC tape kg 0.013
7. (note)Note to Appendix 13.(empty_string)(empty_string)All annual material consumption rates listed in Appendix 13 are calculated for pole overhead telecommunication lines, another 20 supports per kilometer, with an average longevity of supports (19 years) and average exposure to atmospheric and climatic conditions conditions and aggressive environment. When determining the need for materials, the most significant features of overhead pole lines of local communication networks and their operating conditions are taken into account using appropriate correction factors.(/note)
8. Table P. 13.3.
9. Odds quality composition overhead line towers for local communication networks
10. Name of regions, territories, republics Correction factors1. Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Republic of Karelia, Tver, Kaluga, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Republic of Mari El, Lipetsk, Volgograd, Republic of Kalmykia-Khalm Tangi, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Udmurt Republic 1.362. Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Chuvash Republic, Voronezh, Kursk, Tambov, Astrakhan, Samara, Penza, Saratov, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Tatarstan, Krasnodar, Rostov, Chechen Republic, Ingush Republic, Kurgan, Orenburg 1.273. Murmansk, Komi Republic, Moscow, Tula, Mordovia Republic, Belgorod, Ulyanovsk, Dagestan Republic, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Chelyabinsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk 1.194. Stavropol, Altai Republic, Omsk, Tyumen 1.125. Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Chita, Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Tuva, Primorsky, Khabarovsk, Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan, Sakhalin, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 1.06
11. The simultaneous impact of heterogeneous correction factors (quantitative and qualitative composition of supports, aggressiveness coefficient) is taken into account by multiplying the material consumption rate by the product of the corresponding correction factors.

1 2 3 FITTINGS 1. Bolts with a diameter of 10 - 12 mmlength 250 - 400 mm with washer and nut pcs. 1.02. Bushing 9 - 11 mm pcs. 2.53. Galvanized cap pcs. 1.44. Cast iron hoof pcs. 1.25. Waste strips pcs. 0.56. Galvanized steel wire, diameter, mm:2 kg 1.75 kg 1.84 kg 1.67. Tubular stands: 1×2; 2x2; 6x2; 10×2 pcs. 0.58. Clamp with pads and nuts pcs. 0.89. Clamp for fastening racks pcs. 0.810. Pins:intermediate pieces 2.5with pads, nuts and boltssteel with nuts for traverses pcs. 0.811. Steel rope m 2MATERIALS12. Felt for laying under the hooves kg 0.413. Nails 25 - 150 mm kg 0.414. Boards with a thickness of 30 - 40 mm m2 115. Roofing iron kg 1.616. Putty kg 9.517. Gray oil paint kg 2.918. Drying oil kg 0.819. Minium kg 0.2

Table P. 14.2.

Fittings and materials for operational maintenance and current repair of rack line wires

14. Swedish key No. 4 pcs. 115. Lightweight fitter claws for wooden supports, pair 116. Fitter claws for reinforced concrete supports, pair 117. Sledgehammer 1.5 kg pcs. 118. Side cutters 130 mm pcs. 119. End cutters 185 mm pcs. 120. Foot (machine) for sealing guy wires pcs. 121. Scrap pcs. 122. End shovel pcs. 123. Shovel pcs. 124. Machine for cleaning insulators pcs. 125. Bench hammer 400 g pcs. 126. Triangular file, pcs. PC. 127. Fitter's knife pcs. 128. Wood saw pcs. 129. Screwdriver 2/90 mm pcs. 130. Screwdriver 6 - 8/150 mm pcs. 131. Safety glasses pcs. 132. Sunglasses pcs. 133. Electric soldering iron 36 V pcs. 134. Portable lamp complete with a 36 V step-down transformer pcs. 135. Rubber gloves pair 136. Cross saw pcs. 137. Pliers 175 mm pcs. 138. Combination pliers pcs. 139. Safety belt with chain and carbine pcs. 140. Adjustment pcs. 141. Adjustment combined with cleaner pcs. 142. Dielectric rubber galoshes pair 143. Rake and dynamometer for determining the sag of the boom pcs. 244. Rogach pcs. 145. Steel tape measure pcs. 146. ​​Hacksaw machine for metal with a set of blades pcs. 147. Plow pcs. 148. Tool bag pcs. 149. Lopper pcs. 150. Stencil of letters and numbers set. 151. Turfle pcs. 152. Flat 50/125 mm pcs. 153. Pocket flashlight pcs. 154. Steel brush pcs. 155. Straight awl pcs. 156. Jumper 30/600 mm pcs. 157. Probe for checking poles pcs. 158. Feeler gauge for determining gaps pcs. 159. Electric drill 220 V with a set of drills pcs. 1

1. (pre) Order No. _______________ “_____”_________ 197___ To _______________ foreman ____________ Start of work __________ 97 __ (unit, service department) To perform work _______________ End of work ________________ 197 __ (name of object) Defects and shortcomings Assessment of the quality of work Proposals of the commission Chairman of the commission Members of the commission:(/pre)

The technical condition and operational maintenance of cable lines must ensure uninterrupted, high-quality operation of communication structures and their maximum durability. Cables, cable fittings, equipment, protection devices and other structures in their mechanical and electrical characteristics must comply with the current state GOST standards, and in their absence - with departmental OST or technical specifications. All structures and devices must meet labor protection, safety and industrial sanitation requirements.
On the slopes of ravines and river banks, in order to avoid erosion and landslides, the soil along the route must be secured (with turf, paving, etc.). The cable route should run at a safe distance from steep slopes of ravines and river banks; where necessary, measures should be taken to eliminate the possibility of landslides and collapses. The normal cable depth is maintained throughout the entire route.
When expanding roads and constructing improved road surfaces (asphalt, concrete), the cable is laid in the telephone sewer or transferred to another place. At the intersections of existing cable routes with highways, exits from them, tram tracks, etc. Cables are laid in pipes, and an additional pipe is laid for backup. At the intersections of navigable and raftable rivers, as well as non-navigable and non-raftable rivers up to 3 m deep, cables must be buried in the bottom. The depth of burial is determined by the project. On reservoirs and lakes outside the shipping lane, as well as on non-navigable and non-raftable rivers with a depth of more than 3 m, cables can be laid without burial. The crossing point must be chosen on a straight section of the river. When the cable route crosses reclamation canals, the cables are buried in the bottom of the canal or protected with concrete slabs.
Transitions of main lines through navigable and rafting rivers should have two cables: the main one and the backup one, if possible of the same length. The distance between cables must be at least 300 m. One cable can be laid over a bridge. Coastal branch couplings must be located in non-flooded areas. Each cable uses 50% of the capacity.
When approaching and crossing with other underground and above-ground structures, the distance from the latter to the cable must strictly comply with established standards. Measuring posts are installed at such a distance from each other that there are at least two posts in the line of sight, and the sighting line drawn between them runs parallel to the cable route. On straight sections of the route, posts are installed every 250-300 m. In addition to measuring and indicator posts, warning signs are installed in the most vulnerable places of the route. Signs are installed at intersections with other underground structures (water supply, sewerage, cables, gas pipelines), near quarries, at canal intersections, in places where construction work is planned, etc. In addition, warning signs are installed in suburban sections of the route at a certain distance from each other within line of sight.
The earthen embankment (embankment) of the above-ground parts of the underground NUP is covered with turf or sown with grass. A blind area is made around the NUP, and a concrete or gravel path is made at the entrance to the ground part of the NUP.
Technical operation of cable communication lines includes:
– ensuring the uninterrupted operation of all serviced structures, as well as preparing them for work in particularly difficult conditions;
– maintenance of all structures within the limits of current standards and technical conditions, as well as every possible improvement of their technical condition;
– strict implementation of current rules, guidelines and instructions on technical operation issues;
– increasing the profitability of enterprises, systematically reducing labor and material costs for the maintenance of maintained structures;
– introduction of new technology, advanced methods and scientific organization of labor, development of socialist competition;
– advanced training and personnel training;
– introduction of operational and technical accounting:
– carrying out explanatory work to ensure the safety of linear structures.
Depending on the characteristics of the cable line route, the presence and condition of roads at different times of the year, the technical equipment of the site, etc., the following methods of organizing the maintenance of linear structures are used: centralized, decentralized (precinct) and combined.
The centralized method involves the concentration of all cable-splitter personnel at the location of the control unit, motorized inspection of the route, repair and maintenance by specialized teams, and the use of radio stations to communicate between teams and the control unit.
The decentralized method is used in cases where it is impossible to organize a motorized inspection of the route. In this case, the route to be maintained is divided into sections, in each of which, i.e. in the immediate vicinity, personnel are stationed.
The combined method involves organizing maintenance of one part of the route centrally, and the other - by local installers.
The maintenance of cable communication lines includes maintenance and repair.
Maintenance is divided into routine (daily and periodic) and planned preventative.
During routine and scheduled preventative maintenance, the following is carried out:
– technical supervision over the condition of the route and compliance with the rules for the protection of national communications;
– technical supervision of all structures and operation of automation, alarm and telemechanics devices;
– carrying out preventive work;
– control over the electrical characteristics of the cable;
– elimination of identified faults;
– ensuring an emergency supply of cables, fittings and materials (including lightweight cables)
– for quick elimination of faults on the line;
– maintaining in good working order and operational condition mechanisms, vehicles, devices, fixtures, tools and special clothing necessary for carrying out planned preventative and emergency recovery work;
– elimination of accidents and damage;
– carrying out security and explanatory work;
– installation of warning signs;
– preparation of linear structures for operation in winter conditions and during floods;
– maintaining technical records;
– prevention of damage associated with ice blasting, soil excavation, cleaning the bottom of reservoirs, and construction of structures in the cable line area.
When carrying out technical supervision during operation it is necessary:
– notify local bodies, authorities, organizations, enterprises, collective farms, state farms and construction sites on the territory or near which the route passes, about the location of the cable and the need for them to comply with the rules for the safety of national communications;
– carry out explanatory work among the population, workers of construction and other organizations and enterprises located along the cable line route on compliance with precautionary measures when working in the cable security zone;
– provide notices to the following organizations and persons about the passage of underground cables with a warning about responsibility for the safety of the cable during the performance of work;
– install warning signs in places where the cable approaches other above-ground and underground structures and in areas of expected construction work;
– carry out continuous supervision in places where excavation and other work is carried out in the cable protection zone and take measures to protect it from damage;
– prevent landslides and soil erosion along the cable route;
– monitor the condition of measuring posts, signal and warning signs, instrumentation and other devices and eliminate any deficiencies noticed.
Repair of cable structures is divided into current and major.
Current repairs are carried out by operational staff according to the approved annual plan and include the following work:
– route planning, installation of additional warning signs, restoration of measuring posts, painting of fittings (brackets, consoles, cable boxes), checking the cable depth, checking backup channels in pipelines, etc.;
– detection and elimination of damage to cable sheaths and plastic anti-corrosion covers;
– preparation of structures for operation in winter conditions and during spring floods; burying the cable near the coast, breaking off coastal ice, temporarily installing the cable under excess pressure, etc.;
– checking the condition and eliminating identified deficiencies in cable protection devices;
– replacement and repair of gas-permeable and insulating couplings, protectors, instrumentation;
– deepening and cable extension within up to one construction length;
– installation of additional measuring posts;
– clarification and adjustment of technical documentation.
Acceptance of cable structures after routine repairs is carried out by a commission appointed by the head of the operating enterprise, and is documented in an act that assesses the quality of the repair work performed and the condition of the linear structures in the accepted area.
Major repairs include the following work:
– replacement of cables that have become unusable on certain sections of lines (more than construction length);
– replacement of worn-out equipment or fittings;
– reconstruction of sewerage and inspection devices;
– deepening the cable at river crossings or in the ground;
– laying backup cables at river crossings;
– work to protect cables from corrosion, lightning strikes, etc.;
– line reconstruction (additional wiring, cable balancing in a wider frequency range);
– bringing electrical characteristics to normal;
– replacement of cables and equipment with new, more advanced ones.
Acceptance of major repair work is carried out by a commission appointed by the head of the operating organization. The acceptance certificate indicates the scope of work, an assessment of the quality of its implementation and the estimated cost. All work on the repair of cable structures associated with the dismantling of couplings or terminal devices must be carried out with the prior permission of the territorial control centers (TCUMS).
If cable damage or accidents occur, the maintenance personnel will organize work to eliminate them; at the same time, damaged connections are switched to free, serviceable pairs in this or other cables using inter-cabinet connections, suspension of temporary lines from other directions, etc. First of all, payphones, special services (01, 02, 03) and other important connections are subject to switching.
The maximum permissible duration for repairing cable faults depends on the capacity of the damaged cable. Damage to terminal devices and cables is repaired on the same day by replacing pairs with existing serviceable ones. In cables with a capacity of up to 200x2, damage with replacement of the cable span must be eliminated within 36 hours, with a capacity of up to 400x2-48 hours, up to 600x2-60 hours, up to 800x2-72 hours and up to 1200x2-80 hours. In high-frequency cables (without balancing) the duration repair of damage is 24 hours.
The main types of cable damage are the following: “ground” - connection of conductors with a shell (screen) or grounded fittings of structures; “short” - connection of the cores of a pair with each other, “message” - connection of the cores of neighboring pairs with each other; “break” is a break in one or both wires of a pair. Combinations of several or all of these types of damage may also occur.
Troubleshooting cable faults begins with electrical measurements to determine the location of the fault. In the event of an accident, the cable route is simultaneously inspected, inspection devices are opened, the openings in the cable route are thoroughly checked, and the air pressure in the cable is determined.
When performing work in inspection devices, it is necessary to install a fence, open the hatch, check the air in the inspection device for gas contamination with a gas analyzer, drain the water, ventilate and illuminate the inspection device, descend into the well using a ladder, dry the walls and ceiling, etc. After this, you should find required cable according to its numbering ring and the number of the occupied sewer channel, wipe and carefully inspect the cable from channel to channel, paying special attention to the places where couplings are sealed, dents and pinches, and places where the cable exits the channels. In this case, it is recommended to touch the cable (coupling) with your hand and detect some heating at the point of moisture penetration. Such heating occurs when connections are not switched off and the cable is completely or partially damaged due to the beginning of the electrolysis process (due to moisture penetration).
If the damaged area of ​​the cable is within the viewing device, then after removing the sheath (coupling) from the damaged section of the cable, it must be dried.
Wet cables of small containers, as well as, if necessary, cables of large containers with paper insulation, are scalded (washed) with cable mass heated to a temperature of 130°C. Drying of cables with polyethylene and styroflex insulation can only be done by heating (at a low temperature) or by blowing the cable with nitrogen or dry air.
If it is determined that the cable is damaged in a sewer span, carefully inspect the street covering along its route in this area and specify the location of the damage using measuring instruments or the air pressure method.
When repairing damage to cables laid on the walls of buildings, after electrical measurements, they are thoroughly inspected using an extension ladder.
If there is reduced insulation in the terminal device, it is advisable to dry it with hot air from an electric heater.
If individual pairs of conductors in a cable box, box, or distribution box are damaged, the plinth is opened and inspected inside. Identified damage is eliminated by soldering the cores, smoothing out burrs, solder sagging, isolating the core or pin, adjusting the pins, replacing the ligation of the core bundle, etc.
If necessary, the plinths are washed (scalded) with cable mass or dried with hot air. Damaged terminals are replaced. After all work is completed, the operation of the connections is checked from the measuring table of the repair bureau.