Love of life arguments from literature. True love - Unified State Exam arguments

1. We find manifestations of a real feeling of love in many works of fiction. Let's remember A.S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" and its main character Tatyana Larina. She kept her love for Onegin all her life, although she was the wife of another man.

2. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". Pyotr Grinev, who fell in love with Masha Mironova, defends her honor and challenges Shvabrin to a duel; saves a girl from captivity, risking his life; does not mention the name of his beloved during interrogation during arrest. For the sake of love, Grinev was ready to sacrifice himself.

3. M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”. Having lost the Master, not even knowing whether he was alive, Margarita did not forget her lover. She kept what little was left of the Master: dried rose petals and leaves from the manuscript of the novel. In order to find out at least something about the Master, Margarita became a witch, sold her soul to the devil and agreed to become the queen at Satan’s ball.

V. Kondratyev "Sashka". Realizing that Zina loves someone else, Sashka understands her, does not condemn her, forgives her and, without saying a word, without reproaching her for anything, leaves Zina’s life, giving her the opportunity to be happy.

Updated: 2017-07-16

Attention!
If you notice an error or typo, highlight the text and click Ctrl+Enter.
By doing so, you will provide invaluable benefit to the project and other readers.

Thank you for your attention.

.

If you understand that your need is charitable assistance, then pay attention to this article.
Those who, without your participation, may lose an exciting business have turned to you for help.
Many children, boys and girls, dream of becoming pilots on the track.
They attend classes where, under the guidance of an experienced trainer, they learn high-speed driving techniques.
Only constant exercises allow you to overtake correctly, build a trajectory and choose speed.
Winning on the track is based on good qualification. And, of course, a professional kart.
Children who participate in clubs are completely dependent on adults, because lack of money and broken spare parts do not allow them to participate in competitions.
How much pleasure and new sensations children experience when they get behind the wheel and start driving the car.
Maybe it is in such a circle that not only Russian champions grow up, but even future world champions in this sport?!
You can help the children's karting section, which is located in the city of Syzran. We're in a really bad situation right now. Everything rests on the enthusiasm of the leader: Sergei Krasnov.
Read my letter and look at the photos. Pay attention to the passion with which my students work.
They love this developmental sport and really want to continue learning.
I am asking you to help the karting section in the city of Syzran survive.
Previously, there were TWO young technician stations in the city, and each had a karting section. There was also karting at the Palace of Pioneers. Now there is not a single station in the city, and the circle in the Palace of Pioneers was also destroyed. They closed it - it’s hard to say, they simply destroyed it!
We fought, wrote letters, and everywhere they had the same answer. About five years ago I went to the governor of the Samara region for a reception. He didn’t accept me, but my deputy accepted me.
After that, we were given premises where we were based. We have a lot of children who want to go karting, but very poor material conditions do not allow us to recruit children.
And most of the karts require repairs. This is the situation our circle is in.
We also turned to the mayor of the city of Syzran for help. This is the second year we have been waiting for help. We decided to turn to you via the Internet for help.
Contact me, ADDRESS FOR PACKAGES, 446012 Samara region, Syzran, Novosibirskaya str. 47, PACKAGES CAN BE SENT BY BUSINESS LINES, my details are full there, you can contact me through social networks SERGEY IVANOVICH KRASNOV. or write by email [email protected] And we also have a petition, if you don’t mind signing it. http://chng.it/cPmmdqsk Always, being on the wave of success, you need to do works of mercy, give alms. And if the Lord helps in difficult circumstances, then do not forget about gratitude afterwards. Then He will not forget about your needs.

Russian language (task C)

The problem of attitude towards the teacher.

We need to be attentive to teachers not only when we are in school, but also when we enter adulthood. The lines of Andrei Dementiev are immortal:

Don't you dare forget your teachers!

They worry about you and remember you,

And in the silence of thoughtful rooms

They are waiting for your returns and news.

The problem of talent recognition .

I believe that we should be more attentive to talented people.

V. G. Belinsky expressed himself very precisely on this matter: “A true and strong talent will not be killed by the severity of criticism, just as it will not be slightly raised by its greetings.”

Let us remember A. S. Pushkin, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Solzhenitsyn, whose genius was recognized too late. Centuries later, it’s hard to realize that the brilliant poet A.S. Pushkin died in a duel very young. And the society around him is to blame for this. How many great works could we still read if not for Dantes’s villainous bullet?

The problem of language destruction.

I am deeply convinced that improving a language should lead to its enrichment, not degradation.

The words of I. S. Turgenev, the great master of literature, are eternal: “Take care of the purity of the language like a shrine.”

We must learn love for our native language, the ability to perceive it as a priceless gift from the great classics: A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, I. A. Bunin, L. N. Tolstoy, N. V. Gogol.

And I want to believe that the degradation of the Russian language will be prevented by our literacy, the ability to lovingly read and perceive the best works of the world classics.

The problem of creative search.

It is important for every writer to find his reader.

Vladimir Mayakovsky wrote:

Poetry is the same as radium mining:

Production per gram, labor per year.

You exhaust one word for the sake of

A thousand words of verbal ore.

Life itself helps a writer solve creative problems.

The life of S. A. Yesenin was multifaceted and fruitful.

Writer, director, actor V. M. Shukshin achieved recognition thanks to persistent creative work.

Family savings problem.

I believe that the main function of the family is the continuation of the human race, based on proper upbringing.

A. S. Makarenko expressed himself very precisely about this: “If you gave birth to a child, this means for many years to come you gave him all the tension of your thought, all your attention and all your will.”

I admire family relations Rostov, heroes of L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”. Parents and children here are one. This unity helped to survive in difficult conditions, to become useful to society and the Motherland.

In my deep conviction, the development of humanity begins with a full-fledged family.

The problem of recognition of classical literature.

To recognize classical literature, a certain reading culture is necessary.

Maxim Gorky wrote: “Real life is not much different from a good fantastic fairy tale, if we consider it from the inside, from the side of desires and motives that guide a person in his activities.”

The world classic has gone through a thorny path of recognition. And the real reader is pleased that the works of W. Shakespeare, A. S. Pushkin, D. Defoe, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. I. Solzhenitsyn, A. Dumas, M. Twain, M. A. Sholokhov, Hemingway and many other writers make up the “Golden” fund of world literature.

I believe that there should be a line between political correctness and literature.

The problem of creating children's literature.

In my opinion, children's literature becomes understandable only if it was created by a real master.

Maxim Gorky wrote: “We need a cheerful, funny book that develops a sense of humor in a child.”

Children's literature leaves an indelible mark on every person's life. The works of A. Barto, S. Mikhalkov, S. Marshak, V. Bianki, M. Prishvin, A. Lindgren, R. Kipling made each of us rejoice, worry, and admire.

Thus, children's literature is the first stage of contact with the Russian language.

The problem of saving a book.

For a spiritually developed person, the very essence of reading is important, no matter in what form it is present.

This is the point of view of Academician D.S. Likhacheva: “... try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit comfortably with a book and you will understand that there are many books that you cannot live without...”

The meaning of the book will not be lost if it is presented in electronic form, as modern writers do. This saves time and makes any work accessible to many people.

Thus, each of us needs to learn how to read correctly and learn how to use a book.

The problem of raising faith.

I believe that faith in a person should be cultivated from childhood.

I was deeply touched by the words of the scientist and spiritual figure Alexander Men, who said that a person needs faith “... in the Highest, in the Ideal.”

We begin to believe in goodness from childhood. How much light, warmth, and positivity the fairy tales of A. S. Pushkin, Bazhov, Ershov give us.

Reading the text made me think that the sprouts of faith that appeared in childhood multiply significantly in adulthood and help each of us to be more confident.

The problem of unity with nature .

We must understand that the fate of nature is our fate.

The poet Vasily Fedorov wrote:

To save yourself and the world,

We need, without wasting years,

Forget all cults

Infallible

Cult of nature.

The famous Russian writer V.P. Astafiev in his work “The Fish Tsar” contrasts two heroes: Akim, who unselfishly loves nature, and Goga Gertsev, who predatorily exterminates it. And nature takes revenge: Goga absurdly ends her life. Astafiev convinces the reader that retribution for an immoral attitude towards nature is inevitable.

I would like to end with the words of R. Tagore: “I came to your shore as a stranger; I lived in your house as a guest; I leave you as a friend, O my Earth.”

The problem of attitude towards animals.

Yes, indeed, God’s creature has a soul, and sometimes it understands better than man.

Since childhood, I have loved the story of Gabriel Troepolsky “White Bim Black Ear.” I admire the friendship between the Owner and the dog, who remained devoted until the end of his life. Sometimes you don’t find such friendship among people.

Kindness and humanity emanate from the pages of Antoine Saint-Exupéry’s fairy tale “The Little Prince”. He expressed his main idea with a phrase that became almost a slogan: “We are responsible for those we have tamed.”

The problem of artistic beauty.

In my opinion, artistic beauty is beauty that pierces the heart.

Favorite corner that inspired M.Yu. Lermontov to create real masterpieces of art and literature, was the Caucasus. In the lap of picturesque nature, the poet felt inspired and inspired.

“I greet you, deserted corner, a haven of tranquility, work and inspiration,” A.S. Pushkin wrote with love about Mikhailovsky.

Thus, artistic beauty, invisible, is the lot of creative people.

The problem of attitude towards one's homeland.

A country becomes great because of the people living in it.

Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: “Love for the Motherland gives meaning to life, transforming life from vegetation into a meaningful existence.”

Homeland is the most sacred thing in a person’s life. It is she who is first thought of in unimaginably difficult situations. During the Crimean War, Admiral Nakhimov, defending Sevastopol, died heroically. He bequeathed to the soldiers to defend the city until the last second.

Let's do what depends on us. And let our descendants say about us: “They loved Russia.”

What does our misfortune teach us?

Compassion and empathy are the result of awareness of one’s misfortunes.

The words of Eduard Asadov make an indelible impression on me:

And if trouble strikes somewhere,

I ask you: with my heart never,

Never turn to stone...

The misfortune that befell Andrei Sokolov, the hero of M. A. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of Man,” did not kill the best human qualities in him. After the loss of all his loved ones, he did not remain indifferent to the fate of the little orphan Vanyushka.

M. M. Prishvin’s text made me think deeply about the fact that no misfortune is someone else’s.

The problem with the book.

I think that each book is interesting in its own way.

“Love the book. It will make your life easier, will help you in a friendly way sort out the motley and stormy confusion of thoughts, feelings, events, it will teach you to respect people and yourself, it inspires your mind and heart with a feeling of love for the world, for people,” said Maxim Gorky.

Episodes from the biography of Vasily Makarovich Shukshin are very interesting. Due to difficult living conditions, it was only in his youth, when he entered VGIK, that he was able to become acquainted with the works of the great classics. It was the book that helped him become a wonderful writer, talented actor, director, screenwriter.

The text has already been read, put aside, and I still continue to think about what to do to ensure that we encounter only good books.

The problem of media influence.

I am deeply convinced that modern media should instill in people a moral and aesthetic sense.

D.S. Likhachev wrote about this: “You need to develop intellectual flexibility in yourself in order to understand achievements and be able to separate the fake from the truly valuable.”

I recently read in one of the newspapers that in the 60-70s, the popular magazines “Moscow”, “Znamya”, “Roman-Gazeta” published the best works of young writers and poets. These magazines were loved by many because they helped them live truly and support each other.

So let's learn how to choose useful newspapers and magazines from which we can extract deep meaning.

Communication problem.

In my opinion, every person should strive for sincere communication.

As the poet Andrei Voznesensky said about this well:

The essence of true communication is to give the warmth of your soul to people.

Matryona, the heroine of A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryona’s Dvor,” lives according to the laws of goodness, forgiveness, and love. She “is that very righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village does not stand. Neither the city. Neither the whole land is ours.”

The text has already been read, put aside, and I continue to think about how important it is for each of us to understand the essence of human relationships.

The problem of admiration for the beauty of nature.

In my opinion, the beauty of nature is difficult to explain, it can only be felt.

The text by V. Rasputin echoes the wonderful lines from the poem by Rasul Gamzatov:

There is no falsehood in the songs of clouds and waters,

Trees, grass and every creature of God,

The name “singer of nature” is firmly attached to M. M. Prishvin. His works depict eternal pictures of nature, magnificent landscapes of our vast country. He outlined his philosophical visions of nature in his diary “The Road to a Friend.”

V. Rasputin’s text helped me to understand more deeply that while the sun drinks the dew, while the fish goes to spawn, and the bird builds a nest, the hope is alive in a person that tomorrow will definitely come and, perhaps, will be better than today.

The problem of uncertainty in everyday life.

In my opinion, only stability and solidity will help you be confident in “tomorrow.”

I would like to emphasize T. Protasenko’s thoughts with the words of Eduard Asadov:

Our life is like a narrow light from a flashlight.

And from the ray to the left and to the right -

Darkness: millions of silent years...

Everything that came before us and will come after us,

We are not allowed to see, really.

Shakespeare once said through Hamlet: “Time has dislocated the joint.”

After reading the passage, I realized that it is we who have to set the “dislocated joints” of our time. A complex and difficult process.

The problem of the meaning of life.

I am deeply convinced that a person, when engaging in any type of activity, must be aware of why he is doing it.

A.P. Chekhov wrote: “Deeds are determined by their goals: that work is called great, which has a great goal.”

An example of a person who strived to live his life profitably is Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of L. N. Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace.” It is he who is clearly characterized by Tolstoy’s words: “To live honestly, you have to rush, get confused, rush about. To be wrong. Starting and quitting again, and forever struggling and rushing about. And calmness is spiritual meanness.”

Thus, Yu. M. Lotman helped me to realize even more deeply that each of us should have a main goal in life.

The problem of the complexity of literary work.

In my opinion, it is in the writer’s skill to convey to every person the secrets of his native and foreign languages ​​that his talent is manifested.

Eduard Asadov expressed his thoughts about the complexity of literary work: “I try to comprehend myself day and night...”.

I remember that the brilliant Russian poets A.S. Pushkin and M.Yu. Lermontov were wonderful translators.

The text has already been read, put aside, and I continue to reflect on the fact that we should be grateful to those who open up the vast expanses of languages ​​for us.

The problem of personality immortality.

I am deeply convinced that geniuses remain immortal.

A. S. Pushkin dedicated his lines to V. A. Zhukovsky:

His poems are captivatingly sweet

The envious distance of centuries will pass...

The names of people who dedicated their lives to Russia are immortal. These are Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Kuzma Minin, Dmitry Pozharsky, Peter 1, Kutuzov, Suvorov, Ushakov, K. G. Zhukov.

I would like to end with the words of Alexander Blok:

Oh, I want to live crazy:

All that exists is to perpetuate,

The impersonal is humanized,

Unfulfilled - make it happen!

The problem of being true to one's word.

A decent person must be honest, first of all, to himself.

Leonid Panteleev has a story “Honestly”. The author tells us a story about a boy who gave his word of honor to stand guard until the changing of the guard. This child had a strong will and a strong word.

“There is nothing stronger than words,” said Meander.

The problem of the role of books in human life.

Meeting a good book is always a joy.

Chingiz Aitmatov: “Goodness in a person must be cultivated, this is the common duty of all people, all generations. This is the task of literature and art.”

Maxim Gorky said: “Love the book. It will make your life easier, will help you in a friendly way sort out the motley and stormy confusion of thoughts, feelings, events, it will teach you to respect people and yourself, it inspires your mind and heart with a feeling of love for the world, for man.”

The problem of spiritual development of personality.

In our opinion, every person should develop spiritually. D. S. Likhachev wrote “Every person, in addition to large “temporary” personal goals, should have one big personal goal...”

In A. S. Griboedov’s work “Woe from Wit,” Chatsky is an example of a spiritually developed personality. Petty interests and empty social life disgusted him. His hobbies and intelligence were significantly higher than the surrounding society.

The problem of attitude towards television programs.

I believe that nowadays it is very difficult to choose the most useful one to watch from hundreds of programs.

In the book “Native Land” D.S. Likhachev wrote about watching television programs: “.. spend your time on what is worthy of this waste. Look with choice."

The most interesting, educational, moral programs, in my opinion, are “Wait for me”, “Clever Men and Smart Girls”, “News”, “Big Races”. These programs teach me to sympathize with people, learn a lot of new things, worry about my country and be proud of it.

The problem of honor.

In my opinion, servility and flattery have not yet been eliminated in our society.

In A.P. Chekhov’s work “Chameleon,” the police chief changed his behavior depending on who he was communicating with: he bowed to the official and humiliated the worker.

In N.V. Gogol’s work “The Inspector General,” the entire elite, together with the mayor, tries to please the inspector, but when it turns out that Khlestakov is not who he says he is, all the noble people freeze in a silent scene.

The problem of alphabet distortion.

I believe that unnecessary distortion of the written form leads to disruption of the functioning of language.

Even in ancient times, Cyril and Methodius created an alphabet. On May 24, Russia celebrates the Day of Slavic Literature. This speaks of the pride of our people in Russian writing.

The problem of education.

In my opinion, the benefits of education are judged by the end results.

“Learning is light, and ignorance is darkness,” says a Russian folk proverb.

The political figure N.I. Pirogov said: “Most of the most educated among us will truly say nothing more than that learning is only a preparation for real life.”

The problem of honor.

In my opinion, the word “honor” has not lost its meaning today.

D. S. Likhachev wrote: “Honor, decency, conscience are qualities that should be valued.”

The story of the hero of A. S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter” Pyotr Grinev is confirmation that a person is given the strength to live correctly by fulfilling his duty, the ability to take care of his honor and dignity, respecting himself and others, preserving his spiritual human qualities.

The problem of the purpose of art.

I believe that art should have an aesthetic purpose.

V.V. Nabokov said: “What we call art, in essence, is nothing more than the picturesque truth of life, you need to be able to capture it, that’s all.”

The great creations of true artists are recognized throughout the world. It is not for nothing that paintings by Russian artists Levitan and Kuindzhi are exhibited in the Louvre art museum in Paris.

The problem of changing the Russian language.

In my opinion, the role of the Russian language depends on ourselves.

“Before you is a community - the Russian language. Deep pleasure is calling you. Pleasure will be immersed in all its immeasurability and you will feel its wonderful laws...” wrote N.V. Gogol.

“Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this is a treasure, this is an asset passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin again shines! Handle this powerful tool with respect; in the hands of skilled people it is able to perform miracles... Take care of the purity of the language as if it were a shrine!” – I. S. Turgenev called.

The problem of human responsiveness.

Reading this text, you remember your own examples.

Once upon a time, an unfamiliar woman helped my parents and I find the right address in the city of Belgorod, although she was in a hurry about her business. And her words stuck in my memory: “In our age, we just help each other, otherwise we will turn into animals.”

The heroes of A.P. Gaidar’s work “Timur and His Team” are immortal. Guys who selflessly provide help help to form a moral and aesthetic sense. The main thing is to cultivate a bright soul, a desire to help people and understand who to be in this life.

The problem of remembering native places.

Sergei Yesenin has wonderful lines:

Low house with blue shutters

I will never forget you, -

Were too recent

Sounded out in the twilight of the year.

I. S. Turgenev spent the last years of his life abroad. He died in the French city of Bougeval in 1883. Before his death, the seriously ill writer turned to his friend Yakov Polonsky: “When you are in Spassky, bow from me to the house, the garden, my young oak tree - my homeland, which I will probably never see again.

Reading the text helped me to understand more deeply that nothing could be more valuable than my native places, my homeland, and a lot is invested in this concept.

Problem of conscience.

I believe that the most important decoration of a person is a clear conscience.

“Honour, decency, conscience are qualities that should be valued,” wrote D. S. Likhachev.

Vasily Makarovich Shukshin has a film story “Kalina Krasnaya”. The main character Yegor Prokudin, a former criminal, cannot forgive himself in his heart for bringing a lot of grief to his mother. When meeting an elderly woman, he cannot admit that he is her son.

Reading the text made me think deeply about the fact that no matter what situations we find ourselves in, we must not lose our human face and our dignity.

The problem of individual freedom and responsibility to society.

Everyone must be aware of their responsibility to society. This is confirmed by the lines written by Yu. Trifonov: “Every person bears a reflection of history. It scorches some with a bright, hot and menacing light, on others it is barely noticeable, barely warm, but it exists on everyone.”

Academician D.S. Likhachev said: “If a person lives to bring good to people, alleviate their suffering from illness, give people joy, then he evaluates himself at the level of his humanity.”

Chingiz Aitmatov said about freedom: “Freedom of the individual and society is the most important unchangeable goal and the most important meaning of existence, and nothing can be more important in historical terms, this is the most important thing for progress, and therefore the welfare of the state.”

The problem of patriotism.

“Love for the Motherland gives meaning to life, transforming life from vegetation into a meaningful existence,” wrote D. S. Likhachev.

The exploits of the older generation during the Great Patriotic War confirm that the Motherland is the most sacred thing in a person’s life. One cannot remain indifferent when reading Boris Lvovich Vasiliev’s story “And the dawns here are quiet...” about young girls anti-aircraft gunners who died defending their native land from the enemy.

A real soldier who selflessly loves his homeland is Nikolai Pluzhnikov, the hero of Boris Vasiliev’s story “Not on the Lists.” Until the last minute of his life, he defended the Brest Fortress from the Nazis.

“A person cannot live without his homeland, just as he cannot live without a heart,” wrote K. G. Paustovsky.

The problem of choosing a profession.

Only then will a person be passionate about his work if he does not make a mistake in choosing a profession. D. S. Likhachev wrote: “You must be passionate about your profession, your business, those people to whom you directly provide help (this is especially necessary for a teacher and a doctor), and those to whom you bring help “from afar”, without seeing them.”

The role of mercy in human life.

Russian poet G. R. Derzhavin said:

Who does not harm and does not offend,

And he does not repay evil with evil:

Sons will see their sons

And there is every good thing in life.

And F. M. Dostoevsky owns the following lines: “Not accepting a world in which even one child’s tear is shed.”

The problem of cruelty and humanism towards animals.

Kindness and humanity emanate from the pages of Antoine Saint-Exupéry’s fairy tale “The Little Prince”. He expressed his main idea with a phrase that became almost a slogan: “We are responsible for those we have tamed.”

Chingiz Aitmatov’s novel “The Scaffold” warns us about a universal human misfortune. The main characters of the novel, wolves - Akbara and Tashchainar, die due to human fault. All nature perished in their face. Therefore, people face an inevitable execution.

Reading the text made me think about the fact that we should learn devotion, understanding, and love from animals.

The problem of the complexity of human relationships.

The great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy wrote: “There is life only if you live for others.” In “War and Peace” he reveals this idea, showing, using the example of Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, what real life is.

And S.I. Ozhegov said: “Life is the activity of man and society, in one or another of its manifestations.”

The problem of the relationship between “fathers and children”.

B. P. Pasternak said: “The violator of love for one’s neighbor is the first among people to betray himself...”

Writer Anatoly Aleksin describes the conflict between generations in his story “Division of Property.” “Sueing your mother is the most unnecessary thing on earth,” this is what the judge says to a man-son who is suing his mother for property.

Each of us needs to learn to do good. Do not cause trouble or pain to loved ones.

The problem of friendship.

V.P. Nekrasov wrote: “The most important thing in friendship is the ability to understand and forgive.”

A.S. Pushkin characterized true friendship this way: “My friends, our union is wonderful! He, like a soul, is indivisible and eternal.”

The problem of jealousy.

Jealousy is a feeling uncontrollable by the mind, forcing one to commit thoughtless actions.

In M. A. Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don,” Stepan brutally beats his wife Aksinya, who for the first time truly fell in love with Grigory Melekhov.

In L.N. Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina, her husband's jealousy leads Anna to suicide.

I think everyone should strive to be able to understand a loved one and find the courage to forgive them.

What is true love?

Marina Tsvetaeva has wonderful lines:

Like the right and left hand -

Your soul is close to my soul.

K. D. Ryleev has a historical thought about Natalya Borisovna Dolgorukaya, daughter of Field Marshal Sheremetyev. She did not leave her fiancé, who had lost his will, titles, and fortune, and followed him into exile. After the death of her husband, the twenty-eight-year-old beauty took monastic vows as a nun. She said: “Love is secret, sacred, it has no end.”

The problem of art perception.

The words of L. N. Tolstoy in art are true: “Art performs the work of memory: it selects from the stream the most vivid, exciting, significant and imprints this in the crystals of books.”

And V.V. Nabokov said this: “What we call art, in essence, is nothing more than the picturesque truth of life; you need to be able to catch it, that’s all.”

The problem of intelligence.

D. S. Likhachev wrote: “... intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is needed to live long, not only physically, but also mentally.”

I consider the great writer A.I. Solzhenitsyn to be a truly intelligent person. He lived a difficult life, but until the end of his days he remained physically and morally healthy.

The problem of nobility.

Bulat Okudzhava wrote:

Conscience, Nobility and Dignity - This is our holy army.

Extend your palm to him, You won’t be afraid for him even into the fire.

His face is high and amazing. Dedicate your short life to him.

You may not become a winner, but you will die like a person.

The greatness of morality and nobility are components of the feat. In Boris Lvovich Vasiliev’s work “Not on the Lists,” Nikolai Pluzhnikov remains a man in any situation: in a relationship with the woman he loves, under continuous German bombing. This is true heroism.

The problem of beauty.

Nikolai Zabolotsky reflects on beauty in his poem “The Ugly Girl”: “Is she a vessel in which there is emptiness or a fire flickering in the vessel?”

True beauty is spiritual beauty. L.N. Tolstoy convinces us of this, drawing images of Natasha Rostova Marya Bolkonskaya in the novel “War and Peace”.

The problem of happiness.

Wonderful lines about happiness from the poet Eduard Asadov:

See the beauty in the ugly,

See the river floods in the streams!

Who knows how to be happy on weekdays,

He really is a happy man.

Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: “Happiness is achieved by those who strive to make others happy and are able to forget about their interests and themselves, at least for a while.”

The problem of growing up .

When a person begins to realize his involvement in solving important life problems, he begins to grow up.

The words belonging to K. D. Ushinsky are true: “The purpose in life is the core of human dignity and human happiness.”

And the poet Eduard Asadov said this:

If you grow up, then from your youth,

After all, you mature not in years, but in deeds.

And everything that I didn’t have time to reach thirty,

Then, most likely you won’t have time.

The problem of education.

A. S. Makarenko wrote: “Our entire education system is the implementation of the slogan about attention to people. About attention not only to his interests, his needs, but also to his duty.”

S. Ya. Marshak has the lines: “Let your mind be kind, and your heart be smart.”

A teacher who has made his “heart smart” towards his pupil will achieve the desired result.

What is the meaning of human life

The famous Russian poet A. Voznesensky said:

The more we tear from our hearts,

The more it remains in our hearts.

The heroine of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” lives according to the laws of goodness, forgiveness, and love. Matryona gives the warmth of her soul to people. She “is that very righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village does not stand. Neither the city. Neither the whole land is ours.”

The problem of learning.

Happy is the person who has a teacher in his life

For Altynai, the heroine of Chingiz Aitmatov’s story “The First Teacher,” Duishen was the teacher to whom “... in the most difficult moments of her life” she held an answer and “... did not dare to retreat” in the face of difficulties.

A person for whom the teaching profession is a vocation is Lidia Mikhailovna V. Rasputina “French Lessons”. It was she who became the main person for her student, whom he remembered all his life.

The problem of the importance of work in human life.

The moral value of each of us is measured in a person's attitude to work.

K. D. Ushinsky said: “Self-education, if it wishes a person happiness, should educate him not for happiness, but prepare him for the work of life.”

And the Russian proverb says: “Without labor, you cannot take a fish out of the pond.”

According to V. A. Sukhomlinsky: “Work is necessary for a person just like food, it must be regular, systematic.”

The problem of self-restraint.

Human needs must be limited. A person must be able to manage himself.

In “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish” by A.S. Pushkin, the old woman lost everything that the Goldfish helped her acquire, because her desires exceeded the necessary limit.

The Russian folk proverb is true: “Better is a bird in the hand than a crane in the sky.”

The problem of indifference.

Unfortunately, many people live by the proverb: “My house is on the edge - I don’t know anything.”

Encyclopedia of Arguments

First comes the abstract, and then the arguments themselves.

By creating this book, we wanted to help students successfully pass the Unified State exam In Russian. In the process of preparing for the essay, a strange circumstance emerged at first glance: many high school students cannot substantiate this or that thesis with any examples. Television, books, newspapers, information from school textbooks, all this powerful flow of information should seem to provide the student with the necessary material. Why does the hand of the writer of an essay freeze helplessly at the place where it is necessary to argue for a personal position?

The problems that a student experiences when he tries to substantiate this or that statement are caused rather not by the fact that he does not know some information, but by the fact that he cannot properly apply the information he knows. There are no arguments “from birth”; a statement acquires the function of an argument when it proves or refutes the truth or falsity of the thesis. An argument in an essay on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language acts as a certain semantic part that follows after a certain statement (everyone knows the logic of any proof: theorem - justification - conclusion),

In the narrow sense, in relation to an essay on the Unified State Exam, an argument should be considered an example that is designed in a certain way and occupies an appropriate place in the composition of the text.

An example is a fact or special case used as a starting point for a subsequent generalization or to reinforce a generalization made.

The example is not just a fact, but typicalfact, that is, a fact that reveals a certain trend, serving as the basis for a certain generalization. The typing function of an example explains its widespread use in argumentation processes.

In order for an example to be perceived not as an isolated statement representing some information, but as an argument, it must be arrange compositionally: it must occupy a subordinate position in the semantic hierarchy in relation to what is being asserted, and serve as material for deduced provisions.

Our encyclopedia of arguments contains several thematic headings, each of which is divided into the following sections:

1. Problems
2. Affirmative theses that need to be substantiated

3. Quotes (they can be used both to expand the introduction and to create the final part of the essay)

4. Examples that can be used to argue the general thesis.

Perhaps someone will be confused by the obvious identity of arguments from different thematic headings. But any social problem ultimately comes down to a naked confrontation between good and evil, life and death, and these universal categories draw into their orbit the entire diversity of human manifestations. Therefore, speaking, for example, about the need to protect nature, we must talk about love for the motherland and the moral qualities of a person.

1. Problems

1. Moral qualities of a real person
2. Man's destiny

3. Humane treatment of people

4. Mercy and compassion

2. Affirmative theses

1. Bring light and goodness to the world!
2. Loving a person is the main principle of humanism.
3. We are responsible for other people's lives.

4. Help, comfort, support - and the world will become a little kinder.

3. Quotes

1. The world in itself is neither evil nor good, it is a container of both, depending on what you yourself have turned it into (M. Montaigne, French humanist philosopher).

2. If your life does not awaken your life, in the eternal change of existence the world will forget you (I. Goethe, German writer).

3. The only commandment: “Burn” (M. Voloshin, Russian poet).

4. By shining to others, I burn (Van Tulp, Dutch physician).

5. While you are young, strong, cheerful, do not get tired of doing good (A. Chekhov, Russian writer).

4. Arguments

Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor.

1) American writer D. London in one of his works talked about how a man and his wife got lost in the endless snow-covered steppe. Food supplies ran out, and the woman became weaker and weaker every day. When she fell exhausted, her husband found crackers in her pockets. It turns out that the woman, realizing that there was not enough food for two, saved food to allow her loved one to escape.

2) The outstanding Russian writer B. Vasiliev spoke about Dr. Jansen. He died saving children who had fallen into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint during his lifetime, was buried by the entire city.

3) In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that during a terrible famine, as a dying teenager, his life was saved by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.

4) The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar region. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived who could not even walk. Nurse Lidia Pashentseva rushed to help the disabled. The woman pulled several sick people out of the fire, but could not get out herself.

5) Lumpfish lay their eggs at the low tide.

If the receding water exposes a pile of eggs, then you can see a touching sight: the male guarding the eggs waters them from his mouth from time to time so that they do not dry out. Probably, caring for one’s neighbor is a property of all living things.

6) In 1928, the airship of the famous Italian traveler Nobile crashed. The victims found themselves on the ice; they sent a distress signal via radio. As soon as the message arrived, the Norwegian traveler R. Amundsen equipped a seaplane and, risking his life, went in search of Nobile and his comrades. Soon, communication with the plane was interrupted, and only a few months later its wreckage was found. The famous polar explorer died saving people.

7) During the Crimean War, the famous doctor Pirogov, having learned about the plight of the garrison defending Sevastopol, began to ask to go to war. He was refused, but he was persistent because he could not imagine a quiet life for himself, knowing that many wounded people needed the help of an experienced surgeon.

8) In the legends of the ancient Aztecs, the axis said that the world was completely destroyed four times. After the fourth cataclysm, the sun went out. Then the gods gathered and began to think about how to create a new luminary. They built a large fire, and its light dispersed the darkness. BUT in order for the light from the fire not to go out, one of the gods had to voluntarily sacrifice himself to the fire. And then one young god rushed into the blazing flames. This is how the sun appeared, which illuminates our earth. This legend expresses the idea that selflessness is the light of our lives.

9) The famous film director S. Rostotsky said that he made the film “And the dawns here are quiet ...” as a tribute to the female nurse who pulled him out of the battlefield during the Great Patriotic War.

10) Naturalist Evgeniy Mare, who lived among baboons in Africa for three years, once observed how a leopard lay down near the path along which a belated herd of baboons was hurrying to the saving caves: males, females, babies - in a word, sure prey. Two males separated from the herd, slowly climbed onto the rock above the leopard and jumped down at once. One grabbed the leopard's throat, the other grabbed the leopard's back. The leopard ripped open the belly of the first one with its hind paw and broke the bones of the second one with its front paws. But just a fraction of a second before death, the fangs of the first baboon closed on the vein of the leopard, and the whole trio went to the next world. Of course, both baboons could not help but sense mortal danger. But they saved the herd.

Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity

1) M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

2) V. Hugo in the novel “Les Miserables” tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole silverware from him. But an hour later the police detained the criminal and took him to a house where he was given lodging for the night. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the owner’s permission. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man.

3) One of the medical scientists insisted that laboratory staff work in the clinic: they had to see how patients suffer. This forced young researchers to work with triple energy, since a specific human life depended on their efforts.

4) In ancient Babylon, a sick person was taken to the square, and every passerby could give him advice on how to be healed, or simply say a sympathetic word. This fact shows that already in ancient times people understood that there is no other person’s misfortune, there is no other person’s suffering.

5) During the filming of the film “Cold Summer 53...”, which took place in a remote Karelian village, all the surrounding residents, especially children, gathered to see “Grandfather Wolf” - Anatoly Papanov. The director wanted to drive away the residents so that they would not interfere with the filming process, but Papanov gathered all the kids, talked to them, and wrote something in a notebook for each of them. And the children, their eyes shining with happiness, looked at the great actor. Their meeting with this man, who interrupted expensive filming for their sake, remained forever in their memory.

6) Ancient historians said that Pythagoras bought fish from fishermen and threw it back into the sea. People laughed at the eccentric, and he said that by saving fish from nets, he was trying to protect people from a terrible fate - being enslaved by conquerors. Indeed, all living things are connected by invisible, but strong threads of causality: each of our actions, like a booming echo, rolls out across the space of the universe, causing certain consequences.

7) An encouraging word, a caring look, a gentle smile help a person achieve success and strengthen his faith in his abilities. Psychologists conducted an interesting experiment that clearly proves the validity of this statement. We recruited random people and asked them to make benches for a kindergarten for some time. Workers in the first group were constantly praised, while the other group was scolded for their inability and negligence. What is the result? In the first group, they made twice as many benches as in the second. This means that a kind word really helps a person.

8) Every person needs understanding, sympathy, warmth. One day, the outstanding Russian commander A. Suvorov saw a young soldier who, frightened by the upcoming battle, ran into the forest. When the enemy was defeated, Suvorov awarded the heroes, and the order went to the one who cowardly sat in the bushes. The poor soldier almost collapsed from shame. In the evening he returned the award and confessed his cowardice to the commander. Suvorov said: “I take your order for safekeeping because I believe in your courage!” In the next battle, the soldier amazed everyone with his fearlessness and courage and deservedly received the order.

9) One of the legends tells how Saint Kasyan and St. Nicholas the Pleasant once walked across the earth. We saw a man trying to pull a cart out of the mud. Kasyan, in a hurry to get to an important task and not wanting to stain his heavenly dress, went further, and Nikola helped the man. When the Lord found out about this, he decided to give Nikola two holidays a year, and Kasyan one every four years - February 29.

10) In the early Middle Ages, a well-bred, pious owner considered it his duty to shelter a beggar and a tramp under the roof of his house. It was believed that the prayers of the destitute were more likely to reach God. The owners asked the unfortunate tramp to pray for them in the temple, for which they gave him a coin. Of course, this cordiality was not without a certain self-interest, nevertheless, even then, moral laws arose in the minds of people, which demanded not to offend the disadvantaged, to have pity on them.

11) The famous figure skating coach Stanislav Zhuk drew attention to a girl whom everyone considered unpromising. The coach liked that she, although not possessing any special talent, worked without sparing herself. Zhuk believed in her, began training with her, and from this girl grew the most titled figure skater of the 20th century, Irina Rodnina.

12) Numerous studies by psychologists who study the problems of school education prove how important it is to instill in a child faith in his strength. When a teacher has high expectations for students and expects high results from them, then this alone is enough to increase the level of intelligence by 25 points.

13) An almost incredible incident was told in one of the television programs. The girl wrote a fairy tale about her friend, who since childhood could not walk due to a serious illness. The fairy tale talked about the magical healing of a sick woman. A friend read the fairy tale and, as she herself admitted, decided that she must now recover. She simply threw away her crutches and walked. This is how genuine kindness turns into magic.

14) Compassion is not unique to humans. It is characteristic even of animals, and this is evidence of the natural nature of this feeling. Scientists did the following experiment: next to the experimental chamber they placed a cage with a rat, which received an electric shock every time one of its fellow tribesmen took a bread ball from the shelf. Some rats continued to run and eat food, not paying attention to the suffering creature. Others quickly grabbed the food, ran to another corner of the cell, and then ate it, turning away from the cage with the tortured relative. But most animals, having heard the squeak of pain and discovered its cause, immediately refused food and did not run up to the shelf with bread.

Callous and callous attitude towards people

1) In January 2006, a terrible fire occurred in Vladivostok. The premises of a savings bank, which was located on the eighth floor of a high-rise building, caught fire. The boss demanded that the employees first hide all documents in a safe and then evacuate. While the documents were being removed, a fire engulfed the corridor, and many girls died.

2) During the recent war in the Caucasus, an incident occurred that caused justifiable indignation in society. A wounded soldier was brought to the hospital, but the doctors refused to admit him, citing the fact that their institution belonged to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the soldier belonged to the Ministry of Defense. While they were looking for the necessary medical unit, the wounded man died.

3) One of the German legends tells about a man who, after spending many years in sin, decided to repent and begin a righteous life. He went to the Pope to ask for his blessing. But the Pope, having heard the confession of the sinner, exclaimed that before his cane would be covered with leaves, he would receive the petition. The sinner realized that it was too late for him to repent and went on sinning. But the next day, the Pope's cane suddenly became covered with green leaves; messengers were sent for the sinner to announce his forgiveness, but they could not find him anywhere.

4) The position of the rejected is always tragic. Even if he brings new knowledge, new truths, no one listens to him. Scientists point out that this phenomenon also occurs among animals. The monkey, who occupied a low position in his herd, was taught to obtain bananas using complex manipulations. The relatives simply took away these bananas, without even trying to understand how they were obtained. When the leader of the pack was taught such techniques, all his relatives watched his manipulations with interest and tried to imitate him.

5) With a word you can save a person, or you can destroy him.

The tragedy happened the day before the operation. An English surgeon drew the famous Russian actor Evgeny Evstitneev’s heart and explained that of his four valves, only one was working, and then only 10 percent. “YOU will die in any case,” said the doctor, “whether you do the operation or not.” The meaning of his words was that you need to take a risk by agreeing to the operation, because we are all mortal, we will all die sooner or later. The great actor instantly imagined what the doctor was talking about. And my heart stopped.

6) Napoleon was poor in his youth, almost starving, his mother wrote him desperate letters, calling for help, because she had nothing to feed her huge family. Napoleon bombarded various authorities with petitions, asking for at least some alms, and was ready to serve anyone, just to earn meager funds. Was it not then that, faced with swaggering arrogance and callousness, he began to cherish dreams of power over the whole world in order to take revenge on all humanity for the torment he had experienced.

Problems

1. Man and homeland

2. A person’s connection with his people

Affirmative theses

1. Love, appreciate and defend your homeland.

2. Love for the homeland is manifested not in loud words, but in caring for what surrounds you.

3. Each of us is a living particle of the river of time, which flows from the past into the future

Quotes

1. A person cannot live without a homeland, just as one cannot live without a heart (K. Paustovsky).

2. I ask my descendants to follow my example: to be faithful to the fatherland until the end of their lives (A. Suvorov).

3. Every noble person is deeply aware of his blood relationship, his blood ties with the fatherland (V. Belinsky).

Arguments

A man cannot live without his homeland

1) A famous writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally made it to the border. Another minute - and he will find freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, the forest, the sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, was shackled and sent to hard labor.

2) The outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, forced to leave Russia, always carried a box with him. No one had any idea what was in it. Only many years later did relatives learn that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. No wonder they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.

3) The Nazis, having occupied France, offered General Denikin, who fought against the Red Army during civil war, cooperate with them in the fight against the Soviet Union. But the general responded with a sharp refusal, because his homeland was more valuable to him than political differences.

4) African slaves taken to America yearned for their native land. In despair, they killed themselves, hoping that the soul, having thrown off the body, could fly home like a bird.

5) The most terrible punishment in ancient times was the expulsion of a person from a tribe, city or country. Outside your home there is a foreign land: a foreign land, a foreign sky, a foreign language... There you are completely alone, there you are nobody, a creature without rights and without a name. That is why leaving one’s homeland meant losing everything for a person.

6) The outstanding Russian hockey player V. Tretyak was offered to move to Canada. They promised to buy him a house and pay him a higher salary. Tretyak pointed to the sky and earth and asked: “Will you buy this for me too?” The famous athlete's answer confused everyone, and no one else returned to this proposal.

7) When, in the mid-19th century, an English squadron besieged the capital of Turkey, Istanbul, the entire population stood up to defend their city. Townspeople destroyed their own houses if they prevented Turkish cannons from conducting aimed fire at enemy ships.

8) One day the wind decided to knock down a mighty oak tree that grew on a hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak tree: “Why can’t I defeat you?”

The oak replied that it was not the trunk that was holding it up. Its strength lies in the fact that it is rooted in the ground and clings to it with its roots. This simple story expresses the idea that love for the homeland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of ancestors makes a people invincible.

9) When the threat of a terrible and devastating war with Spain loomed over England, the entire population, hitherto torn apart by enmity, rallied around its queen. Merchants and nobles equipped the army with their own money, and people of ordinary rank enlisted in the militia. Even the pirates remembered their homeland and brought their ships to save it from the enemy. And the “invincible armada” of the Spaniards was defeated.

10) The Turks during their military campaigns captured captured boys and young men. Children were forcibly converted to Islam and turned into warriors called Janissaries. The Turks hoped that the new warriors, deprived of spiritual roots, having forgotten their homeland, brought up in fear and obedience, would become a reliable stronghold of the state. But this did not happen: the Janissaries had nothing to defend, they were cruel and merciless in battle, they fled in case of serious danger, constantly demanded higher salaries, and refused to serve without a generous reward. It all ended with the Janissary detachments being disbanded, and the residents, under pain of death, were forbidden to even utter this word.

11) Ancient historians talk about one Greek athlete who refused to fight for Athens, explaining that he needed to prepare for sports competitions. When he expressed a desire to participate in the Olympic Games, the citizens told him: “You did not want to share our grief, which means you are not worthy to share our joy.”

12) The famous traveler Afanasy Nikitin saw a lot of strange and unusual things during his travels. He talked about this in his travel notes “Walking across Three Seas.” But the exoticism of distant countries did not extinguish his love for his homeland; on the contrary, his longing for his father’s home flared up in his soul even more strongly.

13) Once during the First World War, at a military meeting, Nikolai-2 uttered a phrase that began like this: “To me and Russia...”. But one of the generals present at this meeting politely corrected the tsar: “Your Majesty, YOU probably wanted to say “To Russia and to you...” Nicholas II admitted his mistake.

14) Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace” reveals the “military secret” - the reason. which helped Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812 to defeat the hordes of French invaders. If in other countries Napoleon fought against armies, then in Russia the entire people opposed him. People of different classes, different ranks, different nationalities rallied in the fight against a common enemy, and no one can cope with such a powerful force.

] 5) The great Russian writer I. Turgenev called himself Antey, because it was his love for his homeland that gave him moral strength.

16) Napoleon, having entered Russia, knew that the peasants were greatly oppressed by the landowners, so he hoped for the support of the common people. But imagine his surprise when he was informed that the men did not want to sell fodder for hard currency. “They don’t understand their benefit?!” – the emperor exclaimed in bewilderment and confusion.

17) When the outstanding Russian doctor Pirogov came up with a device for inhaling ethereal vapors, he turned to a tinsmith with a request to make it according to the drawings. The tinsmith learned that this device was intended to operate on soldiers who fought during the Crimean War, and said that he would do everything for free for the sake of the Russian people.

190 The German general Guderian recalled an incident that struck him. During the Great Patriotic War, a Soviet artilleryman was captured while single-handedly dragging a cannon with a single shell. It turns out that this fighter knocked out four enemy tanks and repelled a tank attack. What force forced a soldier, deprived of support, to desperately fight against enemies - the German general could not understand. It was then that he uttered the now historic phrase: “It doesn’t look like we’ll be walking around Moscow in a month.”

20) Red Army soldier Nikodim Korzennikov is called phenomenal: he was the only soldier in all the armies of the world who was deaf and mute from birth. He volunteered to go to the front to defend his homeland. While rescuing the squad leader, he was captured. They beat him severely, not realizing that HE was simply not capable of revealing any military secrets - he was deaf and dumb! Nicodemus was sentenced to hang, but he managed to escape. I got hold of a German machine gun and went out to my own people. He fought as a machine gunner in the most dangerous parts of the war. Where did this man, who could neither hear nor speak, get the strength to do what nature itself had denied him? Of course, it was a sincere and selfless love for the homeland.

21) The famous polar explorer Sedov once gave the ballerina Anna Pavlova a beautiful, intelligent husky. Anna Pavlova loved to take this dog with her for a walk. But the unexpected happened. As they drove past the snow-covered Neva, the husky saw the endless expanses of the snowy field, jumped out of the sleigh barking and, rejoicing at the familiar landscape, quickly disappeared from sight. Pavlova never waited for her pet.

1. Problems

1. 1. The meaning of human life
2. 2. Loyalty to your calling
3. 3. Finding your life's path
4. 4. True and false values
5. 5. Happiness
6. 6. Liberty

P. Affirmative theses

1. The meaning of human life is self-realization.

1. Love makes a person happy.

3. A high goal, service to ideals allows a person to reveal the forces inherent in him.

1. Serving the cause of life is the main goal of a person.
2. A person cannot be deprived of his freedom.

6. You cannot force a person to be happy.

III. Quotes

1. There is nothing insurmountable in the world (A.V. Suvorov, commander).

2. Only work gives the right to enjoyment (N. Dobrolyubov, literary critic).

3. To live honestly, you have to be willing to get confused, struggle, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and always struggle and lose. And calmness is spiritual meanness (L. Tolstoy, writer).

4. What is life? What is its meaning? What is the goal? There is only one answer: in life itself (V. Veresaev, writer).

5. And the two wings behind my shoulders no longer glow at night (A. Tarkovsky, poet).

6. To be born, live and die, you need a lot of courage (A. Maclean, English writer).

7. The meaning of life is not to satisfy your desires, but to have them (M. Zoshchenko, Russian writer).

8. If the main goal in life is not the number of years lived, but honor and dignity, then what difference does it make when to die (D. Oru EM, English writer).

9. There are no great talents without great will (O. Balzac, French writer).

10. To think and create, to create and think - this is the basis of all wisdom (I. Goethe, German writer).

11. Man is born to live either in convulsions of anxiety or in the lethargy of boredom (Voltaire, French writer). 12. A person who chooses evil is, to a certain extent, better than one who was forced into Good (E. Burgess, English writer).

IV. Arguments

Self-realization of a person. Life is like a struggle for happiness

1) Let's imagine that some kind wizard or some highly developed aliens decided to benefit humanity: they saved people from the need to work, entrusting all the work to smart machines. What would happen to us then, to our age-old dream of an idle and cheerful life? A person would lose the joy of overcoming, and life would turn into a painful existence.

2) A tiny apple seed thrown into the ground will eventually grow into a tree that will produce sweet, juicy fruits. Likewise, a person must realize the powers inherent in him by nature, grow in order to please people with the fruits of his labors.

3) The life drama of Eugene Onegin, an extraordinary man, is caused precisely by the fact that “he was sick of persistent work.” Having grown up in idleness, he did not learn the most important thing: to work patiently, achieving his goal, to live for the sake of another person. His life turned into a joyless existence “without tears, without life, without love.”

4) The colonists of North America herded the indigenous Indians into special settlements - reservations. White people wished the Indians well: they built them houses, provided them with food and clothing. But a strange thing: the Indians, deprived of the need to earn their own food through their labor, began to die out. Probably, a person needs work, dangers, and life’s adversities just as much as air, light and water.

5) Self-realization is one of the most important human needs. From the point of view of a tradesman who considers calm satiety to be the highest good, the act of the Decembrists seems the height of madness, some kind of absurd eccentricity. After all, almost all of them came from wealthy families, had fairly successful careers, and were famous. But life contradicted their beliefs, their ideals, and they exchanged luxury for the shackles of convicts for the sake of their goal.

6) Some travel companies in the USA offer their clients strange types of vacation: staying in captivity, but escaping from captivity. The calculation is correct, because people, tired of boredom and dull everyday life, are willing to pay huge amounts of money to find themselves in extreme conditions. A person needs difficulties, needs to fight against hardships and dangers.

7) One talented inventor came up with a container in which dishes would not break, and came up with special carts for transporting wood. But no one was interested in his inventions. Then he started making counterfeit money. He was caught and put in prison. It is bitter to realize that society has failed to create conditions for this person to realize his extraordinary talent.

8) Some scientists continue to argue that man did not descend from the monkey, but, on the contrary, the monkey descended from people who, as a result of degradation, turned into animals.

10) The magazines talked about a curious experiment by scientists: near a hole, FROM which threatening sounds were heard. They set up a cage with rats. The animals carefully began to creep up to the hole, look into it, and then, having overcome their fear, they climbed inside. What made the animals climb there? They had food! No physiological need can explain such “curiosity”! Consequently, animals also have an instinct for knowledge. There is some powerful force that forces us to discover something new, to expand the boundaries of what we already know. Unquenchable curiosity, an inexhaustible thirst for truth are the inherent qualities of all living things.

11) If a shark stops moving its fins, it will sink to the bottom like a stone; a bird, if it stops flapping its wings, will fall to the ground. Likewise, a person, if his aspirations, desires, goals fade away, will collapse to the bottom of life, he will be sucked into the thick quagmire of gray everyday life.

12) A river that stops flowing turns into a stinking swamp. Likewise, a person who stops searching, thinking, striving, loses the “beautiful impulses of his soul”, gradually degrades, his life becomes aimless, miserable vegetation.

13) It is more correct to divide all the heroes of L. Tolstoy not into good and bad, but into those who change and those who have lost the ability for spiritual self-development. Moral movement, the tireless search for oneself, eternal dissatisfaction is, according to Tolstoy, the most complete manifestation of humanity.

14) A. Chekhov in his works shows how smart, full of strength people gradually lose their “wings,” how high feelings fade away in them, how they slowly plunge into the swamp of everyday life. “Never give up!” - this call sounds in almost every work of the writer.

15) N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, persistently searches for a living human SOUL. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.

16) The image of Oblomov is the image of a person who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.

17) M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama “ former people”, who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

18) The newspapers talked about a young man who, after surgery on his spine, became crippled. He had a lot of free time, which he did not know what to spend on. He admitted that the happiest moment in his life came when a friend asked him to rewrite his lecture notes. The patient realized that even in this situation people might need him. After that, he mastered the computer and began posting advertisements on the Internet in which he was looking for sponsors for children in need of urgent surgery. Being confined to a wheelchair, he saved dozens of human lives.

19) Once in the Andes there was a plane crash: a plane crashed into a gorge. Some of the passengers miraculously survived. But how can you live among the eternal snow, far from human habitation? Some began to passively wait for help, while others lost heart, preparing for death. But there were those who did not give up. They, falling into the snow, falling into the abyss, went in search of people. Wounded and barely alive, they finally made it to the mountain village. Soon, rescuers rescued the survivors from trouble.

21) Medieval knights performed numerous feats, hoping that the most worthy of them would see the Holy Grail. When the most worthy one was called to the temple so that he could see the sacred vessel, the lucky one

experienced the most bitter disappointment in my life: what to do next? Is there really an end to all searches, dangers, battles, are exploits really no longer needed?

22) Overcoming difficulties, intense struggle, tireless search - these are necessary conditions for the development of a person. Let's remember the famous parable about the butterfly. One day a man saw a butterfly trying to get out through a small gap in a cocoon. He stood for a long time and watched the unsuccessful attempts of the unfortunate creature to get out into the light. The man’s heart was filled with pity, and with a knife he parted the edges of the cocoon. A frail insect crawled out, dragging its helpless wings with difficulty. The man did not know that the butterfly, breaking the shell of the cocoon, strengthens its wings and develops the necessary muscles. And with his pity he doomed her to certain death.

23) Some American billionaire, apparently Rockefeller, became decrepit, and it became harmful for him to worry. He always read the same newspaper. In order not to worry the billionaire with various stock exchange and other troubles, they produced one special copy of the newspaper and placed it on his desk. Thus, life went on as usual, and the billionaire lived in another, illusory world specially created for him.

False values

1) I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

2) Newspapers talked about the fate of a successful manager who became interested in role-playing in a fight club. He was ordained a knight, given a new name, and the imaginary life captivated the young man so much that he forgot about work, about his family... Now he has a different name, a different life, and he regrets only one thing: that he cannot leave the real one forever life into the life that he invented for himself.

4) The name of a simple peasant girl, Joan of Arc, is known to everyone today. For 75 years France waged an unsuccessful war against the English invaders. Jeanne believed that she was destined to save France. The young peasant woman persuaded the king to give her a small detachment and was able to do what the smartest military leaders could not: she ignited people with her fierce faith. After years of ignominious defeats, the French were finally able to defeat the invaders.

When you reflect on this truly wonderful event, you realize how important it is for a person to be guided by a great purpose.

5) A little girl, while practicing on the trapeze, fell and broke her nose. The mother rushed to her daughter, but Ilya Repin stopped her to look at the blood flowing from her nose, to remember its color, the nature of its movement. At this time the artist was working on the canvas “Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan.” This fact, which most people would regard as a manifestation of callousness on the part of the father, speaks of the special nature of the artist. He selflessly serves art, its truth, and life becomes the material for his creations.

6) Few people know that during the filming of N. Mikhalkov’s famous film “Burnt by the Sun”, the weather deteriorated and the temperature dropped to minus six. Meanwhile, according to the scenario, it should be a sultry summer. The actors portraying vacationers had to swim in icy water and lie on the cold ground. This example shows that art requires sacrifice and complete dedication from a person.

7) M. Gorky, working on one of his novels, described the scene of the murder of a woman. Suddenly the writer screamed and fell unconscious. The arriving doctors found a wound on the writer in the very place where the heroine of his work was stabbed with a knife. This example shows that a true writer does not just invent events, but writes with the blood of his soul; he passes everything created through his heart

8) The French writer G. Flaubert in his novel “Madame Bovary” talked about the fate of a lonely woman who, confused in life’s contradictions, decided to poison herself. The writer himself felt signs of poisoning and was forced to seek help. It is no coincidence that he later said: “Madame Bovary is me.”

9) Fidelity to one’s calling cannot but command respect. People's Volunteer Nikolai Kibalchich was sentenced to death for the attempt on the life of the Tsar. While waiting to die, he worked on a jet engine project. More than his own life, he was concerned about the fate of the invention. When they came for him to take him to the place of execution, Kibalchich gave the gendarme the drawings of the spacecraft and asked him to hand them over to scientists. “It’s touching that a person before a terrible execution has the strength to think about humanity!” – this is how K. Tsiolkovsky wrote about this spiritual feat.

10) The Italian poet and philosopher D. Bruno spent eight years in the dungeons of the Inquisition. They demanded that he renounce his beliefs, and they promised to spare his life for this. But Bruno did not trade his truth, his faith.

11) When Socrates was born, his father turned to the oracle to find out how to raise his son. The oracle replied that the boy does not need either mentors or educators: he has already been chosen on a special path, and his spirit-genius will guide him. Later, Socrates admitted that he often heard a voice inside himself that ordered him what to do, where to go, what to think about. This semi-legendary story expresses faith in the chosenness of great people who are called upon by life for great achievements.

12) Doctor N.I. Pirogov, once observing the work of a sculptor, came to the idea of ​​using a plaster cast when treating patients. The use of a plaster cast was a true discovery in surgery and alleviated the suffering of many people. This incident suggests that Pirogov was constantly absorbed in his thoughts about how to treat people.

13) “I have always been amazed at the immense hard work and patience of Kirill Lavrov,” recalls director Vladimir Bortko about the outstanding actor: “We had to film a 22-minute conversation between Yeshua and Pontius Pilate, such scenes take two weeks to film. On the set, Lavrov, an 80-year-old man, spent 16 hours in chest armor weighing 12 kg, without uttering a word of reproach to the film crew.”

14) Scientific research requires selfless service.

The ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles told his contemporaries: “Nothing is born from nothing and does not disappear anywhere, one thing passes into another.” People laughed at the madman's ravings. Then Empedocles, to prove that he was right, threw himself into the fire-breathing mouth of the volcano.

The philosopher’s act made his fellow citizens think: perhaps, in fact, through the lips of a madman, the truth was spoken, which is not afraid even of death. It is no coincidence that the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher became a source for scientific insights in later eras.

15) Michael Faraday once attended a lecture by the famous English chemist Davy. The young man was bewitched by the words of the scientist and decided to devote his life to scientific knowledge. In order to be able to communicate with him, Faraday decided to get a job as a servant in Davy's house.

1. Problems

1. The moral responsibility of a person (artist, scientist) for the fate of the world

1. 2. The role of personality in history
2. 3. Human moral choice
3. 4. Conflict between man and society

5. Man and nature

II. Affirmative theses

1. A person comes into this world not to say what it is like, but to make it better.

2. It depends on each person what the world will be like: light or dark, good or evil.

3. Everything in the world is connected by invisible threads, and a careless act or an unexpected word can result in the most unpredictable consequences.

4. Remember your High human responsibility!

III. Quotes

1. There is one undoubted sign that divides people's actions into good and evil: love and unity of people increases the action - it is good; he produces enmity and disunity - he is bad (L. Tolstoy, Russian writer).

2. The world in itself is neither evil nor good, it is a container of both, depending on what you yourself have turned it into (M. Montaigne, French humanist philosopher).

3. Yes - I'm in the boat. The spill won't touch me! But how can I live when my people are drowning? (Saadi, Persian writer and thinker)

4. It is easier to light one small candle than to curse the darkness (Confucius, ancient Chinese thinker).

6. Love - and do what you want (Augustine the Blessed, Christian thinker).

7. Life is a struggle for immortality (M. Prishvin, Russian writer).

IV. Arguments

U in everyone's hands fate peace

1) V. Soloukhin tells a parable about a boy who did not listen to an unknown voice and scared away a butterfly. An unknown voice sadly announced what would happen next: the disturbed butterfly would fly away into the royal garden, and the caterpillar from this butterfly would crawl onto the neck of the sleeping queen. The queen will get scared and die, and power in the country will be seized by an insidious and cruel king who will cause a lot of trouble to people.

2) There is an ancient Slavic legend about the Virgin Plague.

One day a peasant went to mow the grass. Suddenly the terrible Plague Maiden jumped onto his shoulders. The man begged for mercy. The Plague Maiden agreed to take pity on him if he would carry her on his shoulders. Where this terrible couple appeared, all the people died: small children, gray-haired old men, beautiful girls, and handsome guys.

This legend is addressed to each of us: what do you bring to the world - light or darkness, joy or sorrow, good or evil, life or death?

4) A. Kuprin wrote the story “The Wonderful Doctor”, based on real events. A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment his life and the life of his family changes in the most happy way. This story eloquently shows that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people.

5) In a military operation near Pervomaisk, fighters repelling an attack by militants rushed to a box of grenades. But when they opened it, they discovered that the grenades had no fuses. The packer at the factory forgot to put them in, and without them, a grenade is just a piece of iron. Soldiers, suffering heavy losses, you were forced to retreat, and the militants broke through. The mistake of a nameless person turned into a terrible disaster.

6) Historians write that the Turks were able to capture Constantinople by passing through a gate that someone forgot to close.

7) A terrible disaster in Asha occurred due to the fact that an excavator operator caught a gas pipeline with a bucket. In this place, many years later, a rupture formed, gas escaped, and then real trouble came: about a thousand people died in a terrible fire.

8) The American spacecraft crashed due to the fact that the assembler dropped a screw into the Fuel compartment.

9) Children began to disappear in one of the Siberian cities. Their mutilated bodies were found in different parts of the city. The police were off their feet searching for the killer. All the archives were brought up, but the one on whom suspicion fell was constantly in the hospital at that time. And then it turned out that he had been discharged a long time ago, the nurse simply forgot to fill out the documents, and the killer calmly carried out his bloody work.

10) Moral irresponsibility results in monstrous consequences. At the end of the 17th century, in one of the provincial American towns, two girls showed signs of a strange illness: they laughed for no reason and had convulsions. Someone timidly suggested that a witch had cast a spell on the girls. The girls seized on this idea and began to name the names of respectable citizens, who were immediately thrown into prison and, after a short trial, executed. But the disease did not stop, and more and more convicts were sent to the chopping block. When it became clear to everyone that what was happening in the city looked like a crazy dance of death, the girls were strictly interrogated. The patients admitted that they were just playing, they liked to be the center of attention from adults. What about the innocently convicted? But the girls didn’t think about this.

11) The twentieth century is the first century in the history of mankind of world wars, the century of the creation of weapons of mass destruction. An incredible situation is emerging: humanity can destroy itself. In Hiroshima, on the monument to the victims of the atomic bombing, it is written: “Sleep well, the mistake will not be repeated.” To prevent this and many other mistakes from being repeated, the struggle for peace, the struggle against weapons of mass destruction, acquires a universal character.

12) Sown evil turns into new evil. In the Middle Ages, a legend appeared about a city that was overrun by rats. The townspeople did not know where to get away from them. One man promised to rid the city of vile creatures if he was paid. The residents, of course, agreed. The rat catcher played the pipe, and the rats, bewitched by the sounds, followed him. The sorcerer took them to the river, got into the boat, and the rats drowned. But the townspeople, having got rid of the misfortune, refused to pay what they had promised. Then the sorcerer took revenge on the city: he played the pipe again, children came running from all over the city, and he drowned them in the river.

The role of personality in history

1) “Notes of a Hunter” by I. Turgenev played a huge role in the public life of our country. People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral

owning people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.

2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

3) American writer G. Beecher Stowe wrote the novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” which told about the fate of a meek black man beaten to death by a ruthless planter. This novel shook up the entire society, the Civil War broke out in the country, and shameful slavery was abolished. Then they said that this little woman started a big war.

4) During the Great Patriotic War, G. F. Flerov, using a short vacation, went to the scientific library. He drew attention to the fact that there were no publications on radioactivity in foreign journals. This means that these works are classified. He immediately wrote an alarming letter to the government. Immediately after this, all nuclear scientists were called from the front and active work began on the creation of an atomic bomb, which in the future would help stop possible aggression against our country.

6) It is unlikely that King Edward III of England fully understood what his insolence would lead to: he depicted delicate lilies on the state emblem. Thus, the English king showed that from now on neighboring France was also subject to him. This drawing of a power-hungry monarch became the reason for the Hundred Years' War, which brought countless disasters to people.

7) “A holy place is never empty!” - this saying with offensive frivolity expresses the idea that there are no irreplaceable people. However, the history of mankind proves that a lot depends not only on circumstances, but also on the personal qualities of a person, on his belief in his rightness, on his commitment to his principles. The name of the English educator R. Owen is known to everyone. By taking control of the factory, he created favorable living conditions for the workers. He built comfortable houses, hired scavengers to clean the area, opened libraries, reading rooms, a Sunday school, and a nursery, and reduced the working day from 2 to 10 hours. Over the course of several years, the residents of the town were literally reborn: they mastered literacy, drunkenness disappeared, and hostility ceased. It would seem that the centuries-old dream of people about an ideal society has come true. Owen had many successors. But, deprived of his fiery faith, they could not successfully repeat the experience of the great transformer.

Human and nature

1) Why did it happen that in Ancient Rome there were too many disadvantaged, poverty-stricken “proletarians”? After all, wealth flocked to Rome from all over the ecumene, and the local nobility bathed in luxury and went crazy with excesses.

Two factors played a major role in the impoverishment of the lands of the metropolis: the destruction of forests and the depletion of soils. As a result, rivers became shallow, groundwater levels dropped, land erosion developed, and crop yields decreased. And this is with more or less constant population growth. The environmental crisis, as we now say, has become more severe.

2) Beavers build amazing homes for their offspring, but their activity never turns into the destruction of that biomass, without which they would be finished. Man, before our eyes, continues the fatal work that he began thousands of years ago: in the name of the needs of his production, he destroyed forests filled with life, dehydrated and turned entire continents into deserts. After all, the Sahara and Kara Kuma are obvious evidence of human criminal activity that continues to this day. Isn’t the pollution of the World Ocean evidence of this? A person deprives himself in the near future of the last necessary nutritional resources.

3) In ancient times, man was clearly aware of his connection with nature, our primitive ancestors deified animals, believed that they were the ones who protected people from evil spirits and bestowed good luck in the hunt. For example, the Egyptians treated cats with respect; killing this sacred animal was punishable by death. And in India even now, a cow, confident that a person will never harm her, can calmly go into a vegetable shop and eat whatever she wants. The shopkeeper will never drive away this sacred guest. To many, such reverence for animals will seem like an absurd superstition, but in fact it expresses a feeling of deep, blood kinship with nature. A feeling that became the basis of human morality. But, unfortunately, it has been lost by many today.

4) Often it is nature that gives people lessons of kindness. The famous scientist recalled an incident that was etched in his memory for a long time. One day, while walking with his wife through the forest, he saw a chick lying in the bushes. Some large bird with bright plumage was darting anxiously near him. People saw a hollow in an old pine tree and put the chick there. After this, for several years, the grateful bird, meeting the saviors of its chick in the forest, joyfully circled above their heads. Reading this touching story, you wonder if we always show such sincere gratitude to those who helped us in difficult times.

5) In Russians folk tales The selflessness of man is often glorified. Emelya had no intention of catching the pike; it ended up in his bucket. If a wanderer sees a fallen chick, he will put it in the nest; if a bird gets caught in a snare, he will free it; if a wave throws the fish ashore, he will release it back into the water. Do not seek profit, do not destroy, but help, save, protect - this is what folk wisdom teaches.

6) The tornadoes that broke out over the American continent brought countless disasters to people. What caused these natural disasters? Scientists are increasingly inclined to believe that this is the result of thoughtless human activity, who often ignores the laws of nature and believes that it is designed to serve his interests. But for such a consumerist attitude a person will face a cruel retribution.

7) Human intervention in the complex life of nature can lead to unpredictable consequences. One famous scientist decided to bring deer to his region. However, the animals were unable to adapt to the new conditions and soon died. But the ticks that lived in the skin of deer took hold, flooded the forests and meadows and became a real disaster for the other inhabitants.

8) Global warming, which has been increasingly talked about lately, is fraught with catastrophic consequences. But not everyone thinks that this problem is a direct consequence of human life, who, in the pursuit of profit, upsets the stable balance of natural cycles. It is no coincidence that scientists are increasingly talking about reasonable self-restraint of needs, that not profit, but the preservation of life should become the main goal of human activity.

9) Polish science fiction writer S. Lem in his “Star Diaries” described the story of space vagabonds who ruined their planet, dug up all the subsoil with mines, and sold minerals to the inhabitants of other galaxies. Retribution for such blindness was terrible, but fair. That fateful day came when they found themselves on the edge of a bottomless pit, and the ground began to crumble under their feet. This story is a threatening warning to all of humanity, which is rapaciously robbing nature.

10) One after another, entire species of animals, birds, and plants disappear on earth. Rivers, lakes, steppes, meadows, even seas have been spoiled.

In dealing with nature, a person is like a savage who, in order to get a cup of milk, kills a cow and cuts off its udder instead of feeding, grooming and receiving a bucket of the same milk every day.

11) Recently, some Western experts proposed dumping radioactive waste into the depths of the ocean, believing that there it would be preserved forever. But timely work carried out by oceanologists showed that active vertical mixing of water covers the entire thickness of the ocean. This means that radioactive waste will certainly spread throughout the oceans and, consequently, contaminate the atmosphere. What innumerable harmful consequences this would lead to is clear and without any additional examples.

12) There is a small Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, where foreign companies mine phosphates. People cut down tropical forests, cut off the top layer of soil with excavators and take out valuable raw materials. The island, once covered with lush greenery, has turned into a dead desert with bare rocks sticking out like rotten teeth. When the tractors have scraped away the last kilogram of soil saturated with fertilizer. People on this island will have nothing to do. Perhaps the sad fate of this piece of land in the middle of the ocean reflects the fate of the Earth, surrounded by the vast ocean of space? Maybe people who barbarously plundered their native planet will have to look for a new refuge?

13) The mouth of the Danube is abundant with fish. But not only people catch fish - cormorants also hunt for fish. This is why cormorants, of course, are “harmful” birds, and it was decided to destroy them at the mouth of the Danube in order to increase catches. Destroyed... And then we had to artificially restore the population of “harmful” birds - predators in Scandinavia and “harmful” cormorants at the mouth of the Danube, because in these areas mass epizootics began (infectious animal diseases exceeding the level of normal morbidity), which killed a huge number of birds, and fish.

After this, with considerable delay, it was found that “pests” feed mainly on sick animals and thereby prevent widespread infectious diseases...

This example once again demonstrates how complexly everything is intertwined in the world around us and how carefully we need to approach solving natural problems.

14) Seeing a worm washed by the rain onto the sidewalk, Dr. Schweitzer put it back in the grass, and took the insect floundering in the puddle out of the water. “When I help an insect out of trouble, I am trying to atone for some of humanity’s guilt for the crimes it has committed against animals.” For the same reasons, Schweitzer advocated for the protection of animals. In an essay written in 1935, he called for "being kind to animals for the same reasons that we are kind to people."

1. Problems

1. The role of art (science, media) in the spiritual life of society

1. 2. The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person
2. 3. The educational function of art

II. Affirmative theses

1. True art ennobles a person.
2. Art teaches a person to love life.

3. To bring people the light of high truths, “pure teachings of goodness and truth” - this is the meaning of true art.

4. The artist must put his whole soul into the work in order to infect another person with his feelings and thoughts.

III. Quotes

1. Without Chekhov, we would be many times poorer in spirit and heart (K Paustovsky, Russian writer).

2. The whole life of mankind was consistently deposited in books (A. Herzen, Russian writer).

3. Conscientiousness is a feeling that literature must excite (N. Evdokimova, Russian writer).

4. Art is designed to preserve the human in a person (Yu. Bondarev, Russian writer).

5. The world of the book is the world of a real miracle (L. Leonov, Russian writer).

6. A good book is just a holiday (M. Gorky, Russian writer).

7. Art creates good people, shapes the human soul (P. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer).

8. They went into the darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer).

9. Art is a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and artist).

10. The purpose of art is to condensely convey the beauty dissolved in the world (French philosopher).

11. There is no poet’s career, there is a poet’s destiny (S. Marshak, Russian writer).

12. The essence of literature is not fiction, but the need to speak to the heart (V. Rozanov, Russian philosopher).

13. The artist’s job is to create joy (K Paustovsky, Russian writer).

IV. Arguments

1) Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system and human tone. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music arouses compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.

2) Can art change a person’s life? Actress Vera Alentova recalls such an incident. One day she received a letter from an unknown woman who said that she was left alone and did not want to live. But after watching the film “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears,” she became a different person: “You won’t believe it, I suddenly saw that people were smiling and they weren’t as bad as I thought all these years. And the grass, it turns out, is green, And the sun is shining... I recovered, for which I thank you very much.”

3) Many front-line soldiers talk about how soldiers exchanged smokes and bread for clippings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important to the soldiers than food.

4) The outstanding Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky, talking about his impressions of Raphael’s painting “The Sistine Madonna,” said that the hour he spent in front of it belonged to the happiest hours of his life, and it seemed to him that this painting was born in a moment of miracle.

5) The famous children's writer N. Nosov told an incident that happened to him in childhood. One day he missed the train and stayed overnight on the station square with street children. They saw a book in his bag and asked him to read it. Nosov agreed, and the children, deprived of parental warmth, began to listen with bated breath to the story about the lonely old man, mentally comparing his bitter, homeless life with their fate.

6) When the Nazis laid siege to Leningrad, Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony had a huge impact on the city’s residents. which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.

7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of “The Minor”. They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

8) A gang operated in Moscow for a long time, which was particularly cruel. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior and their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film “Natural Born Killers,” which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the characters in this picture in real life.

9) The artist serves eternity. Today we imagine this or that historical figure exactly as he is depicted in a work of art. Even tyrants trembled before this truly regal power of the artist. Here is an example from the Renaissance. Young Michelangelo fulfills the order of the Medici and behaves quite boldly. When one of the Medici expressed displeasure about his lack of resemblance to the portrait, Michelangelo said: “Don’t worry, your Holiness, in a hundred years he will look like you.”

10) As children, many of us read the novel by A. Dumas “The Three Musketeers”. Athos, Porthos, Aramis, d'Artagnan - these heroes seemed to us the embodiment of nobility and chivalry, and Cardinal Richelieu, their opponent, the personification of treachery and cruelty. But the image of the novel's villain bears little resemblance to a real historical figure. After all, it was Richelieu who introduced the words “French” and “homeland”, almost forgotten during the religious wars. He banned duels, believing that young, strong men should shed blood not because of petty quarrels, but for the sake of their homeland. But under the pen of the novelist, Richelieu acquired a completely different appearance, and Dumas’s invention affects the reader much more powerfully and vividly than the historical truth.

11) V. Soloukhin told such a case. Two intellectuals argued about the type of snow. One says that there is also blue, the other proves that blue snow is nonsense, an invention of impressionists, decadents, that snow is snow, white, like ... snow.

Pepin lived in the same house. We went to him to resolve the dispute.

Repin: did not like being taken away from work. He shouted angrily:

Well, what do you want?

What kind of snow is there?

Just not white! – and slammed the door.

12) People believed in the truly magical power of art.

Thus, some cultural figures suggested that during the First World War the French should defend Verdun, their strongest fortress, not with forts and cannons, but with the treasures of the Louvre. “Place “La Gioconda” or “Madonna and Child with Saint Anne”, the great Leonardo da Vinci in front of the besiegers - and the Germans will not dare to shoot!,” they argued.

1. Problems

1.Education and culture

1. 2. Human education
2. 3. The role of science in modern life
3. 4. Man and scientific progress
4. 5. Spiritual Implications of Scientific Discoveries
5. 6. The struggle between new and old as a source of development

II. Affirmative theses

1. Nothing can stop the knowledge of the world.

2. Scientific progress should not outstrip human moral capabilities.

1. The purpose of science is to make people happy.

III. Quotes

1. We can as much as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher).

1. Not every change is development (ancient philosophers).

7. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist).

8. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet left us (A. Regulsky).

IV. Arguments

Scientific progress and human moral qualities

1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a baby dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slides down over his eyes... Doesn't this picture remind you of a modern man? Without having time to grow morally, mature, mature, he became the owner of powerful technology that is capable of destroying all life on Earth.

2) Humanity has achieved enormous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we going? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving his brand new car at breakneck speed. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Humanity is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what lurks there, around the bend.

3) In ancient mythology there is a legend about Pandora's Box.

A woman discovered a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this item was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. This myth sounds a warning to all of humanity: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

4) In M. Bulgakov’s story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.

b) “We boarded the plane, but we don’t know where it will land!” – wrote the famous Russian writer Yu. Bondarev. These words sound a warning addressed to all humanity. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something, “get on a plane,” without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal.

8) The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?

9) There are still ongoing debates about how morally legitimate experiments related to human cloning are. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What kind of creature will this be? Human? Cyborg? Means of production?

10) It is naive to believe that some kind of bans or strikes can stop scientific and technological progress. For example, in England, during a period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who in despair broke cars. People could be understood: many of them lost their jobs after machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, so the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that with their protest they forced society to think about the fate of specific people, about the penalty that has to be paid for moving forward.

11) One science fiction story tells how the hero, finding himself in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which his double, a genetic copy, was preserved in alcohol. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How could you create a creature similar to yourself and then kill it?” And they heard in response: “Why do you think that I created it? It was he who created me!”

12) Nicolaus Copernicus, after much research, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist for a long time did not dare to publish data about his discovery, because he understood that such news would change people’s ideas about the world order. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences.

13) Today we have not yet learned to treat many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, and the most pressing problems have not been solved. However, technically, man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real killing machines. Over the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of dinosaurs?

14) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could cause harm to humanity were destroyed deliberately. In particular, in 1903, Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method of transmitting shock waves from an explosion over a long distance, was found dead in his laboratory. After this, by order of Nikolai P, all documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is unknown whether the king was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of humanity, but such means of transmitting power

An atomic or hydrogen explosion would be truly disastrous for the world's population.

15) Recently newspapers reported that a church under construction in Batumi was demolished. A week later, the district administration building collapsed. Seven people died under the rubble. Many residents perceived these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a dire warning that society had chosen the wrong path.

16) In one of the Ural cities they decided to blow up an abandoned church so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion occurred, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for short-term gain leads a person to meaningless destruction.

Laws of social development.

Man and power

1) History knows many unsuccessful attempts to forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then heaven turns into a prison. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, when creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the prescribed hours, children were supposed to be sent to schools, and they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And the man deprived of freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev’s reforms were curtailed.

2) They decided to help one African tribe that lived in the equatorial zone. Young Africans were taught to beg for rice; they were given tractors and seeders. A year has passed - we came to see how the tribe, gifted with new knowledge, lives. Imagine the disappointment when they saw that the tribe lived and still lives in a primitive communal system: they sold tractors to farmers, and with the proceeds they organized a national holiday.

This example is eloquent evidence that a person must mature to understand his needs; no one can be made rich, smart and happy by force.

3) In one kingdom there was a severe drought, people began to die of hunger and thirst. The king turned to the soothsayer, who came to them from distant countries. He predicted that the drought would end as soon as a stranger was sacrificed. Then the king ordered to kill the soothsayer and throw him into the well. The drought ended, but since then a constant hunt for foreign wanderers began.

4) The historian E. Tarle in one of his books talks about Nicholas I’s visit to Moscow University. When the rector introduced him to the best students, Nicholas 1 said: “I don’t need smart people, but I need novices.” The attitude towards wise men and novices in various fields of knowledge and art eloquently testifies to the character of society.

6) In 1848, the tradesman Nikifor Nikitin was exiled to the distant settlement of Baikonur “for seditious speeches about flying to the moon.” Of course, no one could know that a century later, in this very place, in the Kazakh steppe, a cosmodrome would be built and spaceships would fly to where the prophetic eyes of an enthusiastic dreamer looked.

Man and cognition

1) Ancient historians say that one day a stranger came to the Roman emperor and brought him a gift of metal as shiny as silver, but extremely soft. The master said that he extracts this metal from clayey soil. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.

2) Archimedes, knowing that people were suffering from drought and hunger, proposed new ways to irrigate lands. Thanks to his discovery, crop yields increased sharply and people stopped being afraid of hunger.

3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.

4) One English engineer in the mid-19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: “We are already strong, only the weak need to improve weapons.”

5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was prompted by the words of an ordinary peasant woman to come up with a brilliant idea. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words to be the result of dark ignorance, but began to make observations that led to a brilliant discovery.

6) The early Middle Ages are usually called the “dark ages”. The raids of barbarians and the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among common people, but also among people of the upper class. For example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, did not know how to write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherently human. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he painstakingly wrote letters.

7) For thousands of years, ripe apples fell from trees, but no one attached any significance to this common phenomenon. The great Newton had to be born in order to look at a familiar fact with new, more insightful eyes and discover the universal law of motion.

8) It is impossible to calculate how many disasters their ignorance has brought to people. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, poor harvest, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began and fires started burning. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, and helping each other, people spent enormous energy on a meaningless fight against the mythical “servants of Satan,” not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance they were serving the Devil.

9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. An interesting legend is about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian. Once, having talked with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered smartly: “To the market.” Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. “Follow me, I’ll show you!” - Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.

10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes over a person so much that it forces him to change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The brilliant Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulon worked as an engineer on fortifications and devoted only his free time to physics. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.

11) New ideas make their way through a difficult struggle with old views and established opinions. Thus, one of the professors, lecturing students on physics, called Einstein’s theory of relativity “an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding” -

12) At one time, Joule used a voltaic battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery charge soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joule decided that the horse would never be replaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the opportunities that will open up for a person.

13) In the mid-17th century, from Paris to the island of Martinique, Captain de Clieu carried a coffee stalk in a pot with soil. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. At the trial, the masts were not broken, the rigging was broken. Fresh water supplies gradually began to dry up. It was given out in strictly measured portions. The captain, barely able to stand on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

This story allegorically reflects the difficult path of any scientific truth. A person carefully cherishes in his soul the sprout of an as yet unknown discovery, waters it with the moisture of hope and inspiration, shelters it from everyday storms and storms of despair... And here it is - the saving shore of final insight. The ripened tree of truth will give seeds, and entire plantations of theories, monographs, scientific laboratories, and technical innovations will cover the continents of knowledge.

1. Problems

1. 1. Historical memory
2. 2. Attitude to cultural heritage

3. The role of cultural traditions in moral formation

person

4. Fathers and sons

II. Affirmative theses

1. Without the past there is no future.

2. A people deprived of historical memory turns into dust carried by the wind of time.

3. Penny idols should not replace real heroes who sacrificed themselves for their people.

III. Quotes

1. The past is not dead. It didn't even pass (Faulkner, American writer).

2. He who does not remember his past is doomed to relive it again (D. Santayana, American philosopher).

3. Remember those who were, without whom you would not be (V. Talnikov, Russian writer).

4. A people dies when it becomes a population. And it becomes a population when it forgets its history (F. Abramov, Russian writer).

IV. Arguments

1) Let's imagine people who start building a house in the morning, and the next day, without finishing what they started, they begin building a new house. Such a picture can cause nothing but bewilderment. But this is exactly what people do when they reject the experience of their ancestors and, as it were, begin to build their “home” anew.

2) A person who looks into the distance from a mountain can see more. Likewise, a person who relies on the experience of his predecessors sees much further, and his path to the truth becomes shorter.

3) When a people mocks their ancestors, their worldview, their philosophy, customs, they face the same fate

prepares himself too. Descendants will grow up and they will laugh at their fathers. But progress does not lie in denying the old, but in creating the new.

4) The arrogant footman Yasha from A. Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard” does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness.

5) Ch. Aitmatov in the novel “Stormy Stop” tells the legend about the Mankurts. Mankurts are people forcibly deprived of memory. One of them kills his mother, who was trying to free her son from unconsciousness. And over the steppe her desperate cry sounds: “Remember your name!”

6) Bazarov, who disdains the “old men”, denies their moral principles, dies from a trifling scratch. And this dramatic ending shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the “soil”, from the traditions of their people.

7) One science fiction story tells about the fate of people who fly on a huge spaceship. They have been flying for many years, and the new generation does not know where the ship is flying, where the final destination of their centuries-long journey is. People are gripped by painful melancholy, their lives are devoid of song. This story is an alarming reminder to all of us of how dangerous the gap between generations is, how dangerous the loss of memory is.

8) The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.

9) The ancient Persians forbade enslaved peoples to teach their children literacy and music. This was the most terrible punishment, because living threads with the past were severed and the national culture was destroyed.

10) At one time, the futurists put forward the slogan “Throw Pushkin off the ship of modernity.” But it is impossible to create in emptiness. It is no coincidence that in the work of the mature Mayakovsky there is a living connection with the traditions of Russian classical poetry.

11) During the Great Patriotic War, the film “Alexander Nevsky” was made so that the Soviet people would have spiritual sons and a sense of unity with the “heroes” of the past.

12) The outstanding physicist M. Curie refused to patent her discovery and declared that it belonged to all of humanity. She said that she could not have discovered radioactivity without the great predecessors.

13) Tsar Peter 1 knew how to look far ahead, knowing that future generations would reap the fruits of his efforts. One day Peter was planting acorns. noticed. as one of the nobles present smiled skeptically. The angry king said: “I understand! Do you think that I will not live to see the mature oak trees. Is it true! But you are a fool; I leave an example for others to do the same, and over time their descendants build ships from them. I’m not working for myself, it’s for the benefit of the state in the future.”

14) When parents do not understand the aspirations of their children, do not understand their life goals, this often leads to an insoluble conflict. Anna Korvin-Krukovskaya, the sister of the famous mathematician S. Kovalevskaya, was successfully engaged in literary creativity in her youth. One day she received a favorable review from F. M. Dostoevsky, who offered her cooperation in his magazine. When Anna's father found out that his unmarried daughter was corresponding with a man, he was furious.

“Today you sell your stories, and then you will start selling yourself!” – he attacked the girl.

15) The Great Patriotic War, like a bleeding wound, will forever trouble the heart of every person. The siege of Leningrad, in which hundreds of thousands of people died from hunger and cold, became one of the most dramatic pages of our history. An elderly resident of Germany, feeling the guilt of her people towards the dead, left a will to transfer her monetary inheritance to the needs of the Piskarevskoye Memorial Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

16) Very often children are ashamed of their parents, who seem ridiculous, out-of-date, and backward to them. One day, in front of a cheering crowd, a wandering jester began to ridicule the young ruler of a small Italian town because his mother was a simple laundress. And what did the angry lord do? He ordered his mother to be killed! Of course, such an act by a young monster will naturally cause indignation in every normal person. But let's look inside ourselves: how often have we felt awkward, annoyed and irritated when our parents allowed themselves to express their opinions in front of our peers?

17) It’s not for nothing that time is called the best judge. The Athenians, not understanding the greatness of the truths discovered by Socrates, condemned him to death. But very little time passed, and people realized that they had killed a man who stood above them in spiritual development. The judges who pronounced the death sentence were expelled from the city, and a bronze monument was erected to the philosopher. And now the name of Socrates has become the embodiment of man’s restless desire for truth and knowledge.

18) One of the newspapers wrote an article about a lonely woman who, desperate to find a decent job, began feeding her infant son special medicines. to cause epilepsy in him. Then she would be given a pension to care for a sick child.

19) One day, one sailor, annoying the entire crew with his playful antics, was washed away by a wave into the sea. He found himself surrounded by a school of sharks. The ship was quickly moving away, there was nowhere to wait for help. Then the sailor, a convinced atheist, remembered a picture from his childhood: his grandmother praying at the icon. He began to repeat her words, crying out to God. A miracle happened: the sharks did not touch him, and four hours later, noticing the sailor was missing, the ship returned for him. After the voyage, the sailor asked the old woman for forgiveness for making fun of her faith as a child.

20) The eldest son of Tsar Alexander II was bedridden and was already dying. The Empress visited the Grand Duke every day after the obligatory stroller walk. But one day Nikolai Alexandrovich felt worse and decided to rest during the hours of his mother’s usual visit to him. As a result, they did not see each other for several days, and Maria Alexandrovna shared with one of her ladies-in-waiting her annoyance at this circumstance. “Why don’t you go at another hour?” – she was surprised. "No. This is inconvenient for me,” answered the empress, unable to break the established order even when it came to the life of her beloved son.

21) When in 1712 Tsarevich Alexei returned from abroad, where he spent about three years, Father Peter 1 asked him if he had forgotten what he had studied, and immediately ordered him to bring the drawings. Alexey, fearing that his father would force him to make a drawing in his presence, decided to avoid the exam in the most cowardly way. He “intended to ruin his right hand” with a shot in the palm. He lacked the determination to seriously carry out his intention, and the matter was limited to a burn on his hand. The simulation nevertheless saved the prince from the exam.

22) A Persian legend tells of an arrogant sultan who, while hunting, was separated from his servants and, getting lost, came across a shepherd’s hut. Exhausted by thirst, he asked for a drink. The shepherd poured water into a jug and handed it to the bishop. But the Sultan, seeing the inconspicuous vessel, knocked it out of the shepherd’s hands and angrily exclaimed:

I have never drunk from such vile jugs. The broken vessel said:

Ah, Sultan! It’s in vain that you disdain me! I am your great-grandfather, and I was once, like you, a sultan. When I died, I was buried in a magnificent tomb, but time turned me into dust, which mixed with clay. The potter, having dug up that clay, made many pots and vessels from it. Therefore, lord, do not despise the simple earth from which you came and into which you will someday turn.

23) There is a tiny piece of land in the Pacific Ocean - Easter Island. On this island there are cyclopean stone sculptures that have long excited the minds of scientists around the world. Why did people build these huge statues? How did the islanders manage to lift multi-ton blocks of stone? But the local residents (and there are just over 2 thousand of them left) do not know the answers to these questions: the thread connecting generations has been broken, the experience of their ancestors is irretrievably lost, and only silent stone colossi remind of the great achievements of the past.

1. Problems

1. 1. Moral qualities of a person
2. 2. Honor and dignity as the highest human values
3. 3. Conflict between man and society
4. 4. Man and social environment
5. 5. Interpersonal relationships
6. 6. Fear in human life

P. Affirmative theses

1. A person should always remain a person.
2. A person can be killed, but his honor cannot be taken away.
3. You need to believe in yourself and remain yourself.

4. The character of a slave is determined by the social environment, and a strong personality itself influences the world around him.

PI. Quotes

1. To be born, live and die, you need a lot of courage (English writer).

2. If they give you lined paper, write across it (J. R. Jimenez, Spanish writer).

3. There is no fate that contempt cannot overcome (A. Camus, French writer and philosopher).

4. Go forward and never die (W. Tennyson, English poet).

5. If the main goal in life is not the number of years lived, but honor and dignity, then what difference does it make when you die (D. Orwell, English writer).

6. A person is created by his resistance to the environment (M. Gorky, Russian writer).

IV. Arguments

Honor is dishonor. Loyalty is betrayal

1) The poet John Brown received the Enlightenment project from the Russian Empress Catherine, but could not come because he was ill. However, he had already received money from her, so, saving his honor, he committed suicide.

2) The renowned figure of the Great French Revolution, Jean-Paul Marat, who was called the “Friend of the People,” was distinguished from childhood by a heightened sense of self-esteem. One day, his home teacher hit him in the face with a pointer. Marat, who was 11 years old at the time, refused to accept food. The parents, angry at their son's stubbornness, locked him in his room. Then the boy broke the window and jumped out into the street, the adults gave up, but Marat’s face remained scarred for life from the glass cut. This scar has become a kind of sign of the struggle for human dignity, because the right to be oneself, the right to be free is not given to a person initially, but is won by him in confrontation with tyranny and obscurantism.

2) During the Second World War, the Germans persuaded a criminal to play the role of a famous Resistance hero for a large monetary reward. He was put in a cell with the arrested underground members so that he could learn from them all the necessary information. But the criminal, feeling the care of strangers, their respect and love, suddenly abandoned the pitiful role of an informer, did not reveal the information he had heard from the underground, and was shot.

3) During the Titanic disaster, Baron Guggenheim gave up his place in the boat to a woman with a child, and he himself carefully shaved and accepted death with dignity.

4) During the Crimean War, a certain brigade commander (minimum - colonel, maximum - general) promised to give half of what he “saves” from the amounts allocated to his brigade as a dowry for his daughter. Money-grubbing, theft, and betrayal in the army led to the fact that, despite the heroism of the soldiers, the country suffered a shameful defeat.

5) One of the prisoners of Stalin’s camps recounted such an incident in his memoirs. The guards, wanting to have fun, forced the prisoners to do squats. Confused by beatings and hunger, people began to obediently carry out this ridiculous order. But there was one person who, despite the threats, refused to obey. And this act reminded everyone that a person has honor that no one can take away.

6) Historians report that after Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne, some officers who swore allegiance to the sovereign committed suicide because they considered it dishonorable to serve someone else.

7) During the most difficult days of the defense of Sevastopol, the outstanding Russian naval commander Admiral Nakhimov received news of a high reward. Having learned about this, Nakhimov said irritably: “It would be better if they sent me cannonballs and gunpowder!”

8) The Swedes, who besieged Poltava, invited the townspeople to surrender. The position of the besieged was desperate: there was no gunpowder, no cannonballs, no bullets, no strength left to fight. But the people gathered in the square decided to stand until the end. Fortunately, the Russian army soon arrived and the Swedes had to lift the siege.

9) B. Zhitkov in one of his stories depicts a man who was very afraid of cemeteries. One day a little girl got lost and asked to be taken home. The road went past the cemetery. The man asked the girl: “Aren’t you afraid of the dead?” “I’m not afraid of anything with you!” – the girl answered, and these words forced the man to gather his courage and overcome the feeling of fear.

A defective military grenade almost exploded in the hands of a young soldier. Seeing that something irreparable would happen in a few seconds, Dmitry kicked the grenade out of the soldier’s hands and covered him with himself. Risky is not the right word. A grenade exploded very close. And the officer has a wife and a one-year-old daughter.

11) During the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander 11, a bomb damaged the carriage. The coachman begged the sovereign not to leave it and rather go to the palace. But the emperor could not abandon the bleeding guards, so he got out of the carriage. At this time, a second explosion occurred, and Alexander -2 was mortally wounded.

12) Betrayal has always been considered a vile act, dishonoring a person’s honor. So, for example, a provocateur who betrayed members of Petrashevsky’s circle to the police (the great writer F. Dostoevsky was among those arrested) was promised a well-paid job as a reward. But, despite the zealous efforts of the police, all St. Petersburg mayors refused the services of the traitor.

13) The English athlete Crowhurst decided to take part in the round-the-world single yacht race. He had neither the experience nor the skill required for such a competition, but he urgently needed money to pay off his debts. The athlete decided to outwit everyone, he decided to wait out the main time of the race, and then appear on the track at the right moment in order to finish before the rest. When it seemed that the plan was a success, the yachtsman realized that he could not live, violating the laws of honor, and he committed suicide.

14) There is a species of birds in which the males have a short and hard beak, and the females have a long and curved beak. It turns out that these birds live in pairs and always help each other: the male breaks through the bark, and the female uses her beak to look for larvae. This example shows that even in the wild, many creatures form a harmonious unity. Moreover, people have such lofty concepts as fidelity, love, friendship - these are not just abstractions invented by naive romantics, but really existing feelings, conditioned by life itself.

15) One traveler said that the Eskimos gave him a large bunch of dried fish. Hurrying to the ship, he forgot her in the tent. Returning six months later, he found this bundle in the same place. The traveler learned that the tribe had experienced a difficult winter, people were very hungry, but no one dared to touch someone else’s property, fearing to incur the wrath of higher powers by a dishonest act.

16) When the Aleuts divide the spoils, they carefully ensure that everyone gets an equal share. But if one of the hunters shows greed and demands more for himself, then they do not argue with him, do not quarrel: everyone gives him their share and leaves silently. The debater gets everything, but, having received a heap of meat, he realizes that he has lost the respect of his fellow tribesmen. and hurries to beg their forgiveness.

17) The ancient Babylonians, wanting to punish a guilty person, whipped his clothes with a whip. But this did not make it any easier for the criminal: he saved his body, but his dishonored soul bled to death.

18) The English navigator, scientist and poet Walter Raleigh fought fiercely against Spain all his life. The enemies did not forget this. When the warring countries began long negotiations for peace, the Spaniards demanded that Raleigh be given to them. The English king decided to sacrifice the brave navigator, justifying his betrayal by concern for the good of the state.

19) During the Second World War, Parisians found a very effective way to fight the Nazis. When an enemy officer entered a tram or subway car, everyone got out together. The Germans, seeing such a silent protest, understood that they were opposed not by a pitiful handful of dissenters, but by an entire people, united by hatred of the invaders.

20) Czech hockey player M. Novy, as the best player on the team, was given a latest model Toyota. He asked to be paid the cost of the car and divided the money among all team members.

21) The famous revolutionary G. Kotovsky was sentenced to death by hanging for robbery. The fate of this extraordinary man worried the writer A. Fedorov, who began to work for pardon for the robber. He achieved the release of Kotovsky, and he solemnly promised the writer to repay him with kindness. A few years later, when Kotovsky became a red commander, this writer came to him and asked him to save his son, who was captured by the security officers. Kotovsky, risking his life, rescued the young man from captivity.

The role of example. Human education

1) An important educational role is played by example in the life of animals. It turns out that not all cats catch mice, although this reaction is considered instinctive. Scientists have found that kittens need to see how adult cats do it before they start catching mice. Kittens raised with mice rarely become mouse killers.

2) The world-famous rich man Rockefeller already showed the qualities of an entrepreneur in childhood. He divided the candies bought by his mother into three parts and sold them at a premium to his little sisters with a sweet tooth.

3) Many people tend to blame unfavorable conditions for everything: family, friends, lifestyle, rulers. But it is precisely struggle, overcoming difficulties that is the most important condition for full-fledged spiritual formation. It is no coincidence that in folk tales the true biography of the hero begins only when he passes a test (fights a monster, saves a stolen bride, obtains a magic object).

4) I. Newton studied at school mediocrely. One day he was offended by a classmate who held the title of first student. And Newton decided to take revenge on him. He began to study in such a way that the title of the best went to him. The habit of achieving a goal has become main feature great scientist.

5) Tsar Nicholas I hired the outstanding Russian poet V. Zhukovsky to educate his son Alexander II. When the future mentor of the prince presented an education plan, his father ordered that Latin and Ancient Greek classes, which had tormented him as a child, be thrown out of this plan. He didn’t want his son to waste time on pointless cramming.

6) General Denikin recalled how, as a company commander, he tried to introduce relationships with soldiers based not on “blind” obedience to the commander, but on consciousness, understanding of orders, while trying to avoid harsh punishments. However, alas, the company soon found itself among the worst. Then, according to Denikin’s recollections, sergeant major Stepura intervened. He formed a company, raised his huge fist and, going around the formation, began to repeat: “This is not Captain Denikin!”

7) A blue shark bears more than fifty babies. But already in the mother’s womb, a ruthless struggle for survival begins between them, because there is not enough food for everyone. Only two are born into the world - these are the strongest, most merciless predators who wrested their right to exist in a bloody duel.

A world in which there is no love, in which the strongest survive, is a world of ruthless predators, a world of silent, cold sharks.

8) The teacher who taught the future scientist Fleming often took her students to the river, where the children found something interesting and enthusiastically discussed the next discovery. When the inspector arrived to check how well the children were being taught, the students and teacher hurriedly climbed into the classroom through the window and pretended to be enthusiastically engaged in science. They always passed the exam well, and no one knew. that children learn not only from books, but also through live communication with nature.

9) The formation of the outstanding Russian commander Alexander Suvorov was greatly influenced by two examples: Alexander the Great and Alexander Nevsky. His mother told him about them, who said that the main strength of a person is not in his hands, but in his head. Striving to imitate these Alexanders, the fragile, sickly boy grew up to become a remarkable military leader.

10) Imagine that you are sailing on a ship that is overtaken by a terrible storm. Roaring waves rise to the very skies. The wind howls and tears off shreds of foam. Lightning cuts through the lead-black clouds and sinks into the abyss of the sea. The crew of the unfortunate ship is already tired of fighting the storm, in the pitch darkness the native shore is not visible, no one knows what to do, where to sail. But suddenly, through the impenetrable night, it flashes bright beam a lighthouse that shows the way. Hope illuminates the eyes of the sailors with a joyful light; they believed in their salvation.

Great figures became something like lighthouses for humanity: their names, like guiding stars, showed the way to people. Mikhail Lomonosov, Joan of Arc, Alexander Suvorov, Nikolai Vavilov, Leo Tolstoy - all of them became living examples of selfless devotion to their work and gave people faith in their own strength.

11) Childhood is like the soil into which seeds fall. They are tiny, you can't see them, but they are there. Then they begin to sprout. The biography of the human soul, the human heart is the germination of seeds, their development into strong, large plants. Some become pure and bright flowers, some become ears of grain, some become evil thistles.

12) They say that a young man came to Shakespeare and asked:

I want to become just like you. What do I need to do to become Shakespeare?

I wanted to become a god, but I only became Shakespeare. Who will you be if you want to become just me? - the great playwright answered him.

13) Science knows many cases where a child, abducted by wolves, bears or monkeys, was raised: for several years away from people. He was then caught and returned to human society. In all these cases, a person who grew up among animals became a beast and lost almost all human characteristics. Children could not learn human speech, walked on all fours, so that their ability to walk upright disappeared, they barely learned to stand on two legs, children lived about the same age as the average life of the animals that raised them...

What does this example say? About the fact that a child needs to be raised daily, hourly, and his development needs to be purposefully managed. About the fact that outside of society, a human child turns into an animal.

14) Scientists have long been talking about the so-called pyramid of abilities. At an early age there are almost no untalented children, there are already significantly fewer of them at school, and even fewer in universities, although they get there by competition; in adulthood, there remains a very insignificant percentage of truly talented people. It has been calculated, in particular, that only three percent of those engaged in scientific work actually move science forward. In socio-biological terms, the loss of talent with age is explained by the fact that a person needs the greatest abilities during the period of mastering the basics of life and self-affirmation in it, that is, in the early years; then acquired skills, stereotypes, acquired knowledge, firmly deposited in the brain, etc. begin to predominate in thinking and behavior. In this regard, a genius is “an adult who remains a child,” that is, a person who maintains a heightened sense of novelty in relation to things, to to people, in general – to peace.

» Arguments for Unified State Exam essays– large collection

Argumentation

Problem

Historical memory

A. Chekhov. "The Cherry Orchard". The arrogant footman Yasha from A. Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard” does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness. I. S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons". Bazarov, who disdains the “old men”, denies their moral principles, dies from a trifling scratch. And this dramatic ending shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the “soil”, from the traditions of their people.

Love to motherland

Yu. G. Oksman “Capture of Lieutenant Sukhinov.” A famous writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally made it to the border. Another minute - and he will find freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, the forest, the sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, was shackled and sent to hard labor. A.S. Pushkin “To Chaadaev”. In the friendly message “To Chaadaev” there is a fiery appeal from the poet to the Fatherland to dedicate “the beautiful impulses of the soul.” "The Tale of Igor's Campaign." The author's love for his native Russian land is clearly expressed. He was worried about the future. He proudly told us about the defender of the homeland. He described nature beautifully. Solar eclipse. It was the Russian land that became the main character of his work. Poems by Yesenin, Blok, Lermontov.

Scientific progress and moral

Human qualities

A. S. Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit"

M. Bulgakov. “Heart of a Dog” Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a human. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.

Human responsibility

Those around

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".

Images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, and who knows how to understand them at the right moment is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are the ordinary people in the novel who carry out their duty without lofty phrases. A. Kuprin. "Wonderful doctor." A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment his life and the life of his family changes in the most happy way. This story eloquently shows that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people.

Fathers and Sons

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons". A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Evgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission he loves them, his attitude brings them grief. L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”. Striving to understand the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually gets to know the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, faces misunderstandings from her elders, and sometimes offends them (chapters “Classes”, “Natalya Savishna”) K. G. Paustovsky “Telegram”. Girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram that her mother is sick, but matters that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, comes to the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is no longer there...

The role of example.

Human education

V. P. Astafiev. "A horse with a pink mane." Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the hero's personality under the influence of the kindness of his grandparents. V. G. Rasputin “French Lessons.” Formation of the protagonist's personality during difficult war years. The role of the teacher and her spiritual generosity in the life of a boy. Thirst for knowledge, moral fortitude, self-esteem of the hero of the story.

Self-sacrifice

In the name of love for a loved one

B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying.” Dr. Jansen died saving children who had fallen into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint during his lifetime, was buried by the entire city. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". Margarita's self-sacrifice for her beloved.

Compassion, sensitivity and mercy

Astafiev “Lyudochka” In the episode with the dying man, when everyone left him, only Lyudochka felt sorry for him. And after his death, everyone only pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth. M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man.” The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate. V. Hugo “Les Miserables”. The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole silverware from him. But an hour later the police detained the criminal and took him to a house where he was given lodging for the night. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the owner’s permission. The thief, amazed by what he heard, in one minute experienced a true rebirth, and after that he became an honest man.

Man and power

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince". There is an example of fair power: “But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. “If I order my general to turn into a sea gull,” he used to say, “and if the general does not carry out the order, it will not be his fault, but mine.” .

Man and art.

Impact of art

Per person

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet". The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes away. Only music and love affirm true values ​​on earth. Fonvizin "Minor". They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

Man and history.

The role of personality in history

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".

One of the central problems of the novel is the role of personality in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, therefore he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat. I. Turgenev. "Notes of a Hunter."

People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.

Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”

After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

Platonov. "Pit".

Man and knowledge. Self-realization of a person. Life is like a struggle for happiness.

Shukshin “Chudik” is an absent-minded person who may seem ill-mannered. And what prompts him to do strange things are positive, selfish motives. The weirdo reflects on problems that concern humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who is “right, who is smarter” in this life? And with all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who believe Goncharov. Oblomov's image. This is the image of a person who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams. M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths”. Showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there. False values ​​by I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco.” Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was. Yesenin. "Black man". The poem “Black Man” is the cry of Yesenin’s dying soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person. Mayakovsky. "Listen." Internal conviction in the correctness of his moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual flow of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is a cry from the poet’s soul. Zamyatin "Cave". (). Martin Martinych The hero comes into conflict with himself; a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual ones perish. values ​​He violates the commandment “Thou shalt not steal.”

Human and nature

Sholokhov "Quiet Don". Turgenev "Bezhin Meadow". Nature coincides with the feelings of the heroes. M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs" Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles instead of large chickens that threaten civilization. M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart". Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of a human brain into the dog Sharik, turning a completely cute dog into the disgusting Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. You cannot mindlessly interfere with nature! M. Prishvin. "Pantry of the Sun"

Callous and callous attitude towards people

"Matryonin's Dvor" by Solzhenitsyn. The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We". 2) The appearance and principles of the United State. 3) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 4) “The resistance of human nature.” In dystopias, based on the same premises, the world is presented through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force of any dystopia, allowing one to recognize dystopian features in the most diverse works at first glance... The society depicted in the novel has achieved material perfection and stopped in its development, plunging into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

Honor and dishonor

The poet John Brown received a project for the Enlightenment from the Russian Empress Catherine, but was unable to come because he was ill. However, he had already received money from her, so, saving his honor, he committed suicide. N.V. Gogol in his comedy "The Inspector General". Officials of the district town mistakenly take Khlestakov for a real auditor, try in every possible way to please him, and do not pay any attention to his stupidity. A.P. Chekhov in the story “The Death of an Official”, the Author showed the problem from a moral point of view. Chervyakov, asking for forgiveness, humiliated himself in front of the general not by his type of service or position (after all, this was not even his boss), but by his human nature.

THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel L.N. Tostogo's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and not one that has a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and restraint and showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. An example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of Charlotte Brontë's novel of the same name. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often too demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev the most important life principle was honor. Even facing the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of the impostor.

2. The problem of maintaining honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the main character are completely different. Ostap is an honest and brave person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you always need to remain honest first of all with yourself.

THE PROBLEM OF DEVOTED LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the Empress. Thus, the basis of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A.’s novel. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites the finished chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. A woman sees her destiny in this.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows the long path to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of “permitting blood according to conscience,” main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story by I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life was to accumulate wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character abandons social life and devotes herself entirely to her family. Natasha Rostova found her purpose in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person and shape his inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach one to think and make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in his novel Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there is no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply unspiritual, since there is no literature that can force people to analyze, think, and make decisions.

THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF CHILDREN

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov’s apathy and weak-willedness in adulthood.

2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty, and love reigns in the Rostov family. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson works tirelessly. The main character rushes to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to gain the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. was tragic. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers developed differently. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A PERSON IN LOVE

1. In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the enemy's camp, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to take up arms against his yesterday’s comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character of P. Suskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer." Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, creating a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to achieve his goals.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to begin collecting information proving Nikolai Antonovich’s guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition. All of Chamomile’s actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fates of other people.

2. The action of the hero of the story by V.G. entails even deeper consequences. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but is also the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEITIVE APPEARANCE

1. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not distinguished by a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the main character is completely unattractive, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went on reconnaissance missions, and never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after some time, Guskov began to think about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya. The hero was tormented by pangs of conscience, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve “great Germany.” His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experienced during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story “Woke by Nightingales” writes about a difficult boy Seluzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night the main character heard the trill of a nightingale. The wonderful sounds amazed the child and awakened his interest in creativity. Seluzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul and helps to reveal creative potential.

2. Love for his native land is the main motive of the work of the painter A.G. Venetsianova. He painted a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. “The Reapers”, “Zakharka”, “Sleeping Shepherd” - these are my favorite paintings by the artist. The life of ordinary people and the beauty of Russia’s nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov’s apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to awaken Ilya Ilyich. However, his lifestyle remained unchanged, because the way of life of his native Oblomovka forever left its mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life path of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem “My Way” by S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood played an important role in his work. Once upon a time, at the age of nine, a boy inspired by the nature of his native village wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined S.A.’s life path. Yesenina.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PATH IN LIFE

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer especially emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.

2. From the book by M. Mirsky “Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko” I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” states that “you need to live your life with dignity so that you are not ashamed to remember.” With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and caring person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY

1. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky's "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog is killed. Bima can confidently be called a true friend, devoted to his owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give up their collie to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her far from her home. The collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with its former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF MASTERY IN ART

1. In the story by V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the main character is interested in poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. Thus, life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of a writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. Thus, life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MIND OF A PERSON

1. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has experienced. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance and find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken in his soul feelings that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that it has been a long time since Oblomov felt “such vigor, such strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat.”

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for work for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because nothing could be harder for her than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna’s love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON PEOPLE

1. In Lev Kassil’s story “The Great Confrontation,” Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. One day a girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to perform a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF Pseudoscience

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. He vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and resorts to the most dishonorable acts in order to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists and the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story “Candidate of Sciences” speaks out against those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and, consequently, of society as a whole. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky focuses on the need to combat false scientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Station Warden" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died from melancholy and hopelessness. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father’s grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story by K.G. Paustovsky's "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment of her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at Katerina Petrovna’s grave. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin, in his essay “The Eternal Field,” writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.

2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their combat comrade Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina’s son Albert returned to the site of the death of the anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE COURSE OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of selflessness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor rushed to help the sick every day, in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor earned the love and respect of all residents of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite Mozart's death, his works live on and excite people's hearts.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to a loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy and became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of a Man” shows the life path of soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE HUMAN INNER WORLD

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, hard work, and determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who give in to feelings, but is convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova “Oblomov” Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life; it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov’s character.

THE PROBLEM OF TREATING PEOPLE FAIRLY

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a keen expert on human psychology. He understands the motives for Rodion Raskolnikov’s crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in Raskolnikov’s case.

2. A.P. Chekhov, in his story “Chameleon,” introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide whether she deserves punishment. Ochumelov’s verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The warden is not looking for justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN AND NATURE

1. In the story by V.P. Astafieva “Tsar Fish” Ignatyich was engaged in poaching for many years. One day, a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on his hook. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself found himself overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in one trap.” So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her and knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin especially emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria “Casta Diva” awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength, which seemed to all rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, and at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, their love for the Don and the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENT OF BOOKS BY TELEVISION

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society that relies on mass culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was replaced by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because TV distracts people from worries and forces them to watch some program without rushing. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to people, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch” and makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous and soulless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which is about to be flooded. It’s hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions are disappearing, which over the centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in his poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls the “stupid rabble” that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the interests of society. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the poet’s main goal is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “At the top of his voice” sees the poet’s purpose in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon that can inspire people and motivate them to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be given up for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF TEACHER'S INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS

1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a village boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. While additionally studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and empathy.

2. In Antoine de Saint-Exupery's fairy tale “The Little Prince,” the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, talking about love, friendship, responsibility, and fidelity. He opened it to the prince main secret of the universe: “You can’t see the main thing with your eyes – only your heart is vigilant.” So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORPHANS

1. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all his remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life’s difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. The story “The Republic of ShKID” by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev depicts the life of students at a social and labor education school for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and took the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans and create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN WWII

1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, just like men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story by V.A. Zakrutkin’s “Mother of Man” shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria took care of seven Leningrad orphans and replaced their mother. Tale by V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” writes with irony about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings is polluting the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story “Lyudochka” connects changes in language with the decline in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the dysfunction of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right path in life and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In the story “Darwin” by E. Grishkovets, the main character, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do for the rest of his life. He realizes the “uselessness of what is happening” and refuses to study at the cultural institute when he watches a play performed by students. The young man has a firm belief that a profession should be useful and bring pleasure.